AP Psych- Thinking and Language Flashcards

4834107565	cognition	mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
4834107566	metacognition	style of learning; thinking about HOW you think, aware of biases in judging others	1
4834107567	convergent thinking	requires focusing on one answer Ex: school, black and white (no gray area)	2
4834107568	divergent thinking	requires brainstorming, considering multiple answers Ex: home contractors, thinking outside the box	3
4834107569	concepts	mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people; based on prototypes	4
4834107570	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category Ex: what's the first thing that comes to your head when you hear "shoe"	5
4834107571	trial and error	problem solving strategy; trying various possible solutions, and if that fails, trying others; common to fail by missing a clear solution	6
4834107572	algorithms	problem solving strategy; methodical, step by step, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; + guarantees solutions, - time consuming Ex: Sheldon Big Bang Theory: how to make friends	7
4834107573	heuristics	problem solving strategy; simple thinking strategy/mental shortcut that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently but can be prone to errors Ex: rule of thumb, i before e except after c	8
4834107574	insight	no strategy; aha moment, sudden and novel (new) realization of the solution to a problem; right temporal lobe	9
4834107575	Kohler	did an insight study; chimp in rooms with bananas hanging from ceiling, did "nothing" but was really thinking of a solution in its head; stacked boxes and got the bananas; incubation effect	10
4834107576	incubation effect	step away from problem; unconscious continues to work on it Ex: Mrs G typing her Nelson Mandela essay	11
4834107577	fixation	obstacle to problem solving; inability to see a problem from a new perspective	12
4834107578	mental set	fixation; tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, especially if it's been successful in the past Ex: people were confused by the new FRF format	13
4834107579	functional fixedness	fixation; tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function	14
4834107580	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, our prototypes Ex: Susan Boyle	15
4834107581	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory Ex: more people are killed by cows than by sharks	16
4834107582	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments	17
4834107583	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited Ex: wanting to believe the best of people	18
4834107584	framing	the way an issue is posed; wording effects Ex: "want to go out tonight?" vs "what time should I pick you up?"	19
4834107585	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	20
4834107586	7	critical age for language	21
4834107587	phonemes	smallest unit of sound; we have difficulty pronouncing phonemes of different languages; English = 40 Ex: chat = ch, a, t	22
4834107588	morphemes	smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix, suffix, root word) Ex: pre-, -ed, 's	23
4834107589	grammar	system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others	24
4834107590	semantics	set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning Ex: it's raining cats and dogs (we know it isn't literal), -ed means past tense	25
4834107591	syntax	rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences Ex: White House vs Casa Blanca	26
4834107592	in fantis	not speaking	27
4834107593	receptive language	ability to comprehend speech	28
4834107594	babbling stage	age 4-12mos; productive language, utter variety of spontaneous sounds, includes phonemes from various languages, only home language by 10mos	29
4834107595	productive language	babbling stage; ability to produce words	30
4834107596	one word stage	age 1-2; mama, baba; holographic speech; comprehension vocab is greater than production vocab	31
4834107597	holographic speech	one word stage; single word and vocal intonation stand for entire sentences	32
4834107598	two word stage	age 2; telegraphic speech; follows rules of syntax in sensible order	33
4834107599	telegraphic speech	two word stage; speaks like a telegram; "go car", using nouns and verbs	34
4834107600	overextension	language error; one word used to describe similar things Ex: dada used to describe all men	35
4834107601	underextension	language error; one word to describe one specific thing Ex: Micky = only Carson's blanket	36
4834107602	overgeneralization	language error; love grammar rules, force to fit irregularities Ex: "I go-ed" instead of "I went"	37
4834107603	Skinner	nurture/environment; believed language is learned; we use association, imitation, and reinforcement	38
4834107604	Chomsky	nature/biology; language acquisition device (LAD), universal grammar, motherese	39
4834107605	language acquisition device	Chomsky; brain is prewired for language. switches in brain are thrown as we experience language	40
4834107606	universal grammar	Chomsky; same language building blocks (nouns, verbs, etc.); acquire untaught words/grammar, generate sentences they've never heard, make few mistakes	41
4834107607	motherese	Chomsky; parents are biologically programmed to encourage language (baby talk)	42
4834107608	Whorf	linguistic relativity, linguistic determination, believed that thought is influenced and constrained by the language you speak Ex: Eskimos have 20 words for snow, Fiji has no words for snow	43
4834107609	linguistic relativity	Whorf; different languages carve up and name the world differently	44
4834107610	linguistic determination	Whorf; language shapes thought	45