Stearns AP World History chapter 3 Flashcards

407370710	Indus river valley	river flows from sources in the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	0
407370711	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing the Indian sub-continent and Southeast Asia; during the summer they bring rain.	1
407370712	Harappan civilization	first civilization of the Indian subcontinent; emerged in Indus river valley ca. 2500 B.C.E.	2
407370713	Harass and-Dar	major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	3
407370714	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization.	4
407370715	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally; written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	5
407370716	India	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a hard-drinking warrior.	6
407370717	daises	Aryan name for indigenous people of the Indus river valley region; regarded as societally inferior to Aryans.	7
407370718	caste system	rigid system of social classification introduced by Aryans.	8
407370719	varnas	clusters of caste groups; four social castes: brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, peasants; beneath them were the untouchables.	9
407370720	polygamy	marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; present in Aryan society.	10
407370721	polyandry	marriage practice in which one woman had several husbands; recounted in Aryan epics.	11
407370722	patrilineal	social system in which descent and inheritance is passed through the male line; typical of Aryan society.	12
407370723	Huanghe river	river flowing from the Tibetan plateau to the China Sea; its valley was site of early Chinese sedentary agricultural communities.	13
407370724	Ordos bulge	located on Huanghe river; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures.	14
407370725	loess	fine-grained soil deposited in Ordos bulge; created fertile lands for sedentary agricultural communities. Yangshao culture: a formative Chinese culture located at Ordos bulge ca. 2500 to 2000 B.C.E.; primarily an intensive hunting and gathering society supplemented by shifting cultivation.	15
407370726	Longshan culture	a formative Chinese culture located at Ordos bulge ca. 2000 to 1500 B.C.E; based primarily on cultivation of millet.	16
407370727	Yu	a possibly mythical ruler revered for construction of a system of flood control along the Huanghe river valley; founder of Xia kingdom.	17
407370728	Xia	China's first, possibly mythical, kingdom; ruled by Yu; no archaeological sites yet discovered.	18
407370729	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty; capital in Ordos bulge.	19
407370730	vassal retainers	members of former ruling families granted control over peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories.	20
407370731	extended families	consisted of several generations, including sons and grandsons of family patriarch and their families; typical of Shang China elites.	21
407370732	nuclear households	husband, wife, and their children, and perhaps a few other relatives; typical of Chinese peasantry.	22
407370733	oracles	shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing.	23
407370734	ideographic writing	pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	24
407370735	Zhou	originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty.	25
407370736	Xian and Loyang	capitals of the Zhou dynasty.	26
407370737	feudalism	social organization created by exchanging grants of land (fiefs) in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty.	27
407370738	Mandate of Heaven	the divine source of political legitimacy in China; established under Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang.	28
407370739	shi	probably originally priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty.	29