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AP World History Ch. 2 Flashcards

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3222322376civilizationSocieties distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.0
3222327963MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.1
3222330194SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.2
3222335892cuneiformA form of writing developed by the sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.3
3222337440zigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.4
3222339985city-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.5
3222436308BabyloniansUnified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 BCE; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c.1600 BCE.6
3222439620Hammurabi(r. 1792-1750 BCE) The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law.7
3222442544pharaohTitle of kings of ancient Egypt.8
3222445411pyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.9
3222446950KushAn African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c.1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.10
3222449555Indus RiverRiver sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.11
3222451769HarappaAlong with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.12
3222455477AryansIndo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.13
3222460040VedasAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE14
3222463059MahabharataIndian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form.15
3222467667UpanishadsLater books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.16
3222469990Yellow RiverAlso known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.17
3222472561ideographsPictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.18
3222474980ShangFirst Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE.19
3222481407OlmecsPeople of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c.1200 BCE; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing system.20
3222489392Chavin de HuantarChavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 BCE; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.21
3222497027PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.22
3222499155monotheismThe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.23
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