AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 5617170167 | European empires in the americas | -empires in the early modern era show a new stage in globalization ***globalization is th bringing together of economies and societies around the world | 0 | |
| 5617191229 | western Europe | -it would lead in maritime expansion -Europe was located nearest to the Americas -because of the rich markets in the Indian Ocean, India, China, and Islamic empires had no incentive to look -Europeans felt ¨marginalized¨ -Europe had a growing merchant class that wanted wealth -Europeans wanted to Christianize people -Iron, guns, horses, improved map making, and better seafaring technology gave them an edge | 1 | |
| 5617239742 | 1492 | Christopher Columbus is paid by Spain to cross the Atlantic ocean | 2 | |
| 5617249033 | the great dying | -the demographic collapse of Native American societies -people there had been isolated and had no natural immunity to certain diseases like smallpox and measles -90% of the 80 million Native Americans (in Mexico, South American, and North America) would die of disease or be killed by Europeans by 1650 | 3 | |
| 5617292474 | Colombian exchange | ***massive native mortality rates created a labor shortage in the Americas -millions of African slaves would be imported to solve the problem -network of communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from 1500-1800 -will change the way the world functions | 4 | |
| 5617306320 | New World to Old World | maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, silver, tobacco, chocolate | 5 | |
| 5617372031 | old world to new world | -wheat, sugar, bananas, coffee, cotton, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens -the world´s economy would be reshaped in the 1500s -China decided to only accept silver in trade from Europeans -Spain set up hundreds of silver mines in Mexico and Peru -Europe would now dominate world trade and get most of the rewards from it | 6 | |
| 5617400548 | mercantilism | -theory that governments should encourage more exports than imports and accumulate as much silver and gold as possible -model for European colonial economies for centuries | 7 | |
| 5617428232 | Spain | -it would conquer both the Aztec and Inca empires -developed a colonial society in the Americas -colonists were to make money for themselves and Spain -created a new social order with the Spanish (penninsulares) at the top and mestizos (mixed races), native Americans, and Africans below -Spanish wives typically stayed back in Spain with the children, allowing Spanish men to violate and abuse Native American women | 8 | |
| 5617470013 | Brazil and the Caribbean | -Portugal and Spain set up sugar plantations there -this took the sugar market away from Muslims -sugar became the world´s first major industry with intensive labor -80% of all enslaved west Africans wound up in 1 of these 2 regions | 9 | |
| 5617490718 | North America (new world) | -Britain and France developed colonial societies there -most colonists were trying to escape European society -no large, centralized empires to defeat -tendency was for local self-government with little monitoring of colonists -entire families came over together -less racial mixing than in South America or th eCarribean | 10 | |
| 5617528951 | Moscow | city that became the center of a new Russian empire that grew from 1450-1750 | 11 | |
| 5617535430 | Siberia | -huge area to the east the Russians conquered for animal furs and mineral wealth -smallpox and measles brought from Moscow killed millions of Siberians -most Siberians ¨Russified¨ (became Russian) and converted to eastern orthodox Christianity | 12 | |
| 5617566771 | Ivan the terrible | established absolute rule in Russia through the use of a secret police force | 13 | |
| 5617581811 | Peter the Great | Russian Tsar who formed a navy, built the city of St. Petersburg, and westernized Russia | 14 | |
| 5617597631 | consequence of Russian expansion | -Russian people became a minority in their own empire as it grew -agriculture, furs, and minerals made it a wealthy European and Asian power in the 1700s -government would be dictatorial -military might (power) would always be a major focus -conquest and state development would happen at the same time | 15 | |
| 5617626479 | Asian empires | ***They were regional, not global, and did not fundamentally change people's lives | 16 | |
| 5617651300 | Manchu | nomadic people from the north who invade and take over China in 1644 | 17 | |
| 5617679824 | Aspects of Qing (Manchu) dynasty | -nomadic groups in central Asia are conquered -farmers are given "honorable" status -foot-binding, Neo-Confucianism, civil service exams (now open to all males), and Eunechs are still used -wanted to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity and remain separate from the Chinese | 18 | |
| 5617713961 | Mughal dynasty | during the Mughal dynasty in India, the religious divide between Muslims and Hindus | 19 | |
| 5617814145 | Akbar | sensitive, tolerant Muslim ruler who created a "divine faith" that combined elements of Islam and Hinduism in an effort to promote religious unity | 20 | |
| 5617828785 | Aurangzeb | Muslim emperor would persecute "non-believers", destroy Hindu temples, and push for Muslim control of India | 21 | |
| 5617852016 | motives for European exploration | -acquire spices -insert themselves into Indian ocean trade -establish non-Muslim trade routes -first land for cash crops -develop settler colonies and plantations -expand Roman catholocism | 22 | |
| 5618083791 | Portugal | -it was a small nation with few goods -had to resort to using violence and piracy -took control of Indian ocean trade -set up "trading post" empire based on the sugar trade in Brazil -in decline by 1600 | 23 | |
| 5618114368 | Ferdinand Magellan | his crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe (15119-1522) | 24 | |
| 5618127227 | Philippines | Spain colonized it to challenge Portugal and spread christianity | 25 | |
| 5618132560 | British and Dutch | -they challenged Portugal by establishing trading posts (companies) -they were able to build faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships than Portugal | 26 | |
| 5618158897 | East Indian trading companies | -trading posts that could buy and sell goods, govern the region, and wage war if necessary -the British set up in India, the Dutch in Indonesia (called the Dutch East Indies) -Asian overland trade remained in the hands of Indian merchants who traveled all over Asia trading and selling goods | 27 | |
| 5618180120 | Japan | they hated European merchants who brought social and technological changes they didn't like (Christianity, social class interaction, guns) | 28 | |
| 5618195670 | Tokugawa Leyasu | -Japanese leader who ends feudalism there and found a "shogunate" -sets up caste system -invests heavily in agriculture -tries population control in order to limit the number of people in Japan -bans foreign merchants (except Dutch once a year in a specific location) -bans Japanese people from leaving Japan ***Japan would remain separated off from Europe and most of Asia from 1650-1850 | 29 | |
| 5618249418 | silver | -it was more important than the spice trade in creating a global exchange network -China (it wound up with most of the world's silver), Japan and Spain profited the most | 30 | |
| 5618266861 | Patosi, Brazil | home to the world's largest silver mine | 31 | |
| 5618270843 | encomienda | forced labor (with pay) of Caribbean people by the Spanish to guarantee labor in silver mines and on plantations | 32 | |
| 5618279769 | debt peonage | natives were given loans, then forced to work them off | 33 | |
| 5618285068 | furs | by 1500, Europeans had killed almost all of the fur-bearing animals on the continent | 34 | |
| 5618292672 | North America (global commerce) | -the British, French, and Dutch began trading gunpowder, weapons, textiles, iron goods, and alcohol to native Americans for furs -native Americans became dependent on European goods, especially alcohol -native women began to marry European men -native men continued to focus on hunting (especially buffalo) -many native animal species became depleted or extinct | 35 | |
| 5618337051 | Russia (global commerce) | the desire for furs furthered its expansion | 36 | |
| 5741364996 | Atlantic Slave Trade | -10.7 million slaves were shipped from Africa to the New World (15 million more died in the process) -driven by European demand for goods -most slaves were men (the Islamic world preferred females out of east Africa) -slave status was passed down over generations with little hope for freedom ***West Africa was the primary source of slave labor -Native Americans were dying of European diseases -Africans weren't Christian, which meant Europeans could "save" them -Africans were close and readily available (slavery had always existed in Africa) | 37 | |
| 5741400778 | Kongo | -huge African kingdom that coordinated the slave trade for Portugal in return for silver ***most slaves wind up in Brazil or the Caribbean working on sugar plantations -the goal was always for plantations (HACIENDAS) to make huge profits | 38 | |
| 5741422193 | Impact of the Atlantic slave trade | ***slaves had always been the highest form of economic power in Africa (no private ownership of land) | 39 | |
| 5741430201 | impact on Africa | -slowed population growth -no investment by Africans into agriculture, industry, or production -women would vastly outnumber men, leading to polygamy -some women would operate their own trading empires -violence and warfare increased (leaders kidnapped) -American crops would be introduced to Africa | 40 | |
| 5741449844 | Dhaomey | African kingdom led by a "Queen Mother" whose army raided local villages for slaves | 41 | |
| 5741458562 | Benin | example of an African kingdom that tried to limit the slave trade ***when the Christian king of Kongo tried to do the same thing, the Portuguese turned on him | 42 | |
| 5741465434 | Angola | -Portugal now got its slaves from this kingdom south of Kongo -Portugal would set up the first European colony in Africa there | 43 | |
| 5741481031 | Martin Luther | -German catholic monk who wanted changes in the Roman Catholic church -protested the sale of INDULGENCES (forgiveness on pieces of paper) and the pope's power -questioned the church's use of finances -wanted a German (non-Latin) bible | 44 | |
| 5741497817 | protestants | Germans who sided with Luther | 45 | |
| 5741501314 | printing press | -invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400's -helped Luther turn half of the Germans into Protestants -copies of the bible could be printed in German and sold in mass quantities | 46 | |
| 5741513790 | Henry VIII | the pope would not annul his marriage so he started his won Protestant church in England | 47 | |
| 5741519502 | council of Trent | catholic attempt to reform and end abuses in the church | 48 | |
| 5741523109 | Spain | -it would attack Britain to try and make it catholic once again -the British sank the entire Spanish armada (Spain's navy) | 49 | |
| 5741530468 | Thirty Years War | -religious war between Catholics and Protestants on German soil -1/3 of Germany's population died -neither side won the war | 50 | |
| 5741539885 | New World | Spain brought Christianity there and it blended with local religious beliefs | 51 | |
| 5741543127 | China | Christianity was unappealing as an "all or nothing" religion that the Chinese feared would destroy their culture | 52 | |
| 5741554084 | changes in Afro-Asian cultures | -African slaves would bring food (okra and rice) and music to the new world -religions (like Voodou) became syncretic (combination of Christianity and African religions | 53 | |
| 5741566427 | missionary | a person sent on or engaged in a religious mission abroad | 54 | |
| 5741569980 | Islamic world | by 1700, Islam would be spread by missionaries, scholars, and traders instead of soldiers | 55 | |
| 5741575650 | Wahhabi Islam | Islamic movement that advocated an austere lifestyle, strict adherence to Islamic law (Sharia) and rejection of western culture | 56 | |
| 5741587128 | China | -Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Neo-Confucianism would all be practiced into the 1700's -plays, literature, paintings, and novels were popular | 57 | |
| 5741600732 | India | several different religious movements were occuring there by the 1700's | 58 | |
| 5741605007 | Bhakti | -Hindu movement using songs, prayer, dance, poetry, and rituals to achieve union with the divine -it was especially popular among women | 59 | |
| 5741613701 | Sikhism | -religious tradition combining elements of Hinduism and Islam -it proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women | 60 | |
| 5741624675 | Scientific Revolution | -intellectual and cultural transformation in Europe from 1600-1800 -based on careful observation, controlled experiments, and the formation of laws to explain the universe -it challenges Christian teaching, authority, social hierarchies, and political systems | 61 | |
| 5741653621 | Europe | -emerging universities and legal systems that protected them led to experiments in thinking -Europeans were impressed with Muslim scientists and China's value of education and examination | 62 | |
| 5741667293 | Nicolaus Copernicus | developed the theory of a sun-centered universe | 63 | |
| 5741670060 | Galileo Galilei | used the telescope to validate Copernicus' teachings | 64 | |
| 5741675517 | Isaac Newton | -developed laws of gravity and motion, invented calculus, and explained the organization of the universe ***the Roman Catholic church strenuously opposed this type of thinking | 65 | |
| 5741685727 | enlightenment | -period in Europe (1600-1800) much like the Renaissance, but geared towards politics -people began to focus on human behavior and the use of reason -permanently weakened organized religion and led to the QUESTIONING of traditional authority (age of Revolution) | 66 | |
| 5741705183 | Adam Smith | said prosperity comes from individuals seeking profits | 67 | |
| 5741709803 | capitalism | economic system in which private parties make goods and services available in a FREE MARKET | 68 | |
| 5741716259 | John Locke | believed sovereignty lies with the people, not the ruler (social contract) and that people have the right to "life, liberty, and property" | 69 | |
| 5741727149 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -said the role of government is to make laws made through the majority rule of the people -people will obey these laws since they created them | 70 | |
| 5741736047 | Baron de Montesquieu | developed the concept of separation of powers | 71 | |
| 5741739786 | Voltaire | writer who believed that FREEDOM OF SPEECH is the most essential of all rights (highly critical of organized religion) | 72 | |
| 5741745752 | philosophes | French intellectuals who said individual rights would provide for constant progress | 73 | |
| 5741751115 | deists | philosophes who believed God was a "watchmaker" | 74 |