AP World History: Chapter 3 Flashcards

6142646502	Ashoka	(r. 268-232 B.C.E.) The third king of the Mauryan dynasty (ca. 320-185 B.C.E.), the first Indian ruler to support Buddhism.	0
6142646503	dharma	A Sanskrit term meaning correct conduct according to law or custom; Buddhists, including Ashoka, used this concept to refer to the teachings of the Buddha.	1
6142646504	monsoon	A term referring both to seasonal winds in South Asia blowing northeast in spring and early summer and southwest in fall and winter, and to the heavy seasonal rains they bring.	2
6142649857	Indus River Valley	Site of the earliest complex society on the indian subcontinent (2600-1700 B.C.E.), characterized by brick cities, drainage systems, open plazas, and broad avenues.	3
6142649858	Sanskrit	A language, such as Latin, Greek, and English, belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken by Indo-Aryan migrants to north india around 1500-1000 B.C.E.	4
6142654732	Rig Veda	A collection of 1,028 Sanskrit hymns, composed around 1500-1000 B.C.E. but written down 1000 C.E. One of the most revealing sources about Indo-Europeans who settled in north India.	5
6142654733	Vedic religion	Religious belief system of Indo-European migrants to north India: involved animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure that all transitions in the natural world - day to night, or one season to the next - proceeded smoothly.	6
6142657300	nomads	A term for people who migrate seasonally from place to place to find grass for their animals. They do not usually farm but tend their herds full-time.	7
6142657301	varna	From the Sanskrit word for "color": the four major social groups of ancient Indian society, ranked in order of purity (not wealthy or power): Brahmin priests at the top, then warriors, then farmers and merchants, and finally dependent laborers.	8
6142657302	jati	A term, sometimes translated as "subcaste," for groups of five thousand to fifteen thousand people in modern India. Many, but not all, Indians marry someone from the same jati and share meals on equal footing only with people of the same jati.	9
6142657303	karma	The sum of one's deeds in this and all earlier existences that determines one's rebirth in the next life.	10
6142659712	Jainism	An Indian religion founded around the same time as Buddhism that emphasizes right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct: a key tenet is not to harm any living beings.	11
6142659713	Buddha	The founder of the Buddhist religion, Siddhartha Gautama (ca. 630-550 B.C.E.); also called the Buddha, or the enlightened one.	12
6142659714	nirvana	A Sanskrit word that literally means "extinction," as when the flame on a candle goes out. In Buddhism the term took broader meanings: those who followed the Eightfold Path and understood the Four Noble Truths would gain true understanding.	13
6142662154	Mauryan dynasty	(ca. 320-185 B.C.E.) A dynasty that unified much of the Indian subcontinent. Relying on trunk roads, it exercised more control in the cities than in the countryside.	14
6142666095	chakravartin	Literally "turner of the wheel," a Buddhist term for the ideal ruler who patronized Buddhism but never became a monk.	15
6142667698	ceremonial state	State whose ruler sponsored religious observances and construction of religious edifices in the hope that his subjects would willingly acknowledge him as ruler. Usually contrasted with rulers who depended on sheer force to govern.	16
6142667699	lay Buddhist	A Buddhist devotee who observes the five precepts not to kill, steal, commit adultery, lie, or drink alcohol, but continues to live at home and does not join the Buddhist order.	17
6142668703	dhows	Small sailboats used in the Indian Ocean made from teak planks laid edge to edge, fastened together with coconut fiber twine, and caulked to prevent leaking.	18