Basic Biochemistry AP Biology Flashcards

5654317678	Catabolic pathways	metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy	0
5654317679	Word Roots: an-	not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)	1
5654317680	Word Roots: glyco-	sweet;	2
5654317681	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	3
5654317682	Word Roots: -photo	light	4
5654317683	proton charge	+1,	5
5654317684	proton mass in amu.	1	6
5654317685	electron charge	-1	7
5654317686	neutron charge	0	8
5654317687	proton location	nucleus	9
5654317688	neutron location	nucleus	10
5654317689	electron location	outside nucleus in orbitals	11
5654317690	electron mass in amu.	0	12
5654317691	neutron mass in amu.	1	13
5654317692	isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in amount of neutrons. chemically identical.	14
5654317693	ionic bonds	transfer of electrons	15
5654317694	Anion	an atom that gains electrons (negative ion)	16
5654317695	Cation	an atom that loses an electron (positive ion)	17
5654317696	covalent bonds	atoms share electrons, creating a molecule	18
5654317697	single covalent bond	two atoms share a pair of electrons	19
5654317698	non-polar bond	electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. H-H. will not dissolve in water	20
5654317699	polar bond	atoms are shared unequally. C-H. will dissolve in water	21
5654317700	specific heat	the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C	22
5654317701	bicarbonate ion	blood buffer	23
5654317702	universal solvent	water	24
5654317703	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon	25
5654317704	carbon	always forms 4 covalent bonds	26
5654317705	major classes of organic compounds	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	27
5654317706	ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate	2/1	28
5654317707	empirical formula for all carbs	CnH2O	29
5654317708	three classes of carbohydrates	monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.	30
5654317709	monosaccharides	chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another).	31
5654317710	disaccharides	chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water)	32
5654317711	sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose	and example of hydrolysis	33
5654317712	polysaccharides	polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis.	34
5654317713	five important polysaccharides	cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan	35
5654317714	chitin	important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges.	36
5654317715	glycogen	important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans.	37
5654317716	lipids	functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.	38
5654317717	glycerol	a trihydoroxy alcohol	39
5654317718	fatty acid	a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated	40
5654317719	steroids	lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol.	41
5654317720	saturated fats	generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter!	42
5654317721	proteins	enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc....	43
5654317722	-OH	hydroxyl group	44
5654317723	PO4-2	phosphate group	45
5654317724	dipeptide	a molecule consisting of tow amino acids connected by one peptide bond	46
5654317725	nucleic acid	either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides.	47
5654317726	nucleic acid make-up	a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base	48
5654317727	induced fit	The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, induced by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate.	49
5654317728	kinetic energy	The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	50
5654317729	metabolic pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.	51
5654317730	metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.	52
5654317731	non-competitive inhibitor	A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions.	53
5654317732	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy.	54
5654317733	substrate	(1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives.	55
5654317734	cholesterol	lipid used as the base for many steroids	56
5654317735	Phospholipids in Cell Membranes	A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.	57
5654317736	active site	The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.	58
5654317737	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	main energy source for cells	59
5654317738	co enzyme	An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.	60
5654317739	competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. A competitive inhibitor's structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate.	61
5654317740	endergonic reaction	An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants.	62
5654317741	energy of activation	The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.	63
5654317742	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness. also called S	64
5654317743	enzyme	A protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process.	65
5654317744	exergonic reaction	An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products.	66
5654317745	first law of thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	67
5654317746	fluid mosaic	A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.	68
5654317747	Catabolism	The breaking down of materials	69
5654317748	Oxidative Phosphorolation	The production of ATP from ADP and P during Cellular Respiration ( oxidation of glucose)	70
5654317749	Photophosphorolation	The production of ATP from ADP and P during the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis.	71
5654317750	Peptide bond	The bond between two amino acids	72
5654317751	Condensation Reaction	another name for Dehydration Synthesis	73
5654317752	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	74
5654317753	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	75
5654317754	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids -COOH	76
5654317755	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid. It is always off the middle carbon	77
5654317756	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	78
5654317757	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	79
5654317758	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water. Also called Dehydration Synthesis.	80
5654317759	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water. The opposite of Dehydration Synthesis	81
5654317760	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	82
5654317761	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. Caused by Ionic and Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids	83
5654317762	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulfide bridges	84
5654317763	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	85
5654317764	NonCompetitive Inhibition (Allosteirc)	When a molecule blocks an enzyme action by binding to a site other than the active site	86
5654317765	Enthalpy	is a measure of Heat	87
5654317766	Entropy	is a measure of Disorder (messiness)	88
5654317767	Chargaff	scientist who discovered that A-T and G-C always equal in % in organisms	89
5654317768	Rosalind Franklin	X-Ray of DNA helped decipher the structure of DNA	90
5654317769	Watson and Crick	won the Nobel prize for figuring out DNA's double helix structure	91
5654317770	Phospholipid	One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule	92
5654317771	Mutation	any change in the DNA of an organism	93
5654317772	Lactase	enzyme necessary to break down lactose	94
5654317773	Phosphodiester bond	the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the Sugar of another	95
5654317774	Specific Heat	The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius	96
5654317775	Antiparallel	The way the two strands of DNA run in a molecule	97
5654317776	Allosteric Inhibition		98
5654317777	Competitive inhibition		99
5654317778	Surface Tension	on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding	100
5654317779	Capillary action	the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube.	101
5654317780	Sulfhydryl group	this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins	102
5654317781	By destroying Hydrogen and/or Ionic bonds	How can pH damage Enzyme Structure	103
5654317782	monomer of nucleic acid	nucleotide	104
5654317783	subunits of proteins	amino acids	105
5654317784	important component of hair and muscle	proteins	106
5654317785	store and transmit genetic info	nucleic acids	107
5654317786	provide body with immediate energy	carbohydrates	108
5654317787	contain twice as much hydrogen as carbon	carbohydrates	109
5654317788	store enough energy for a bear to hibernate	lipid	110
5654317789	contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen	protein	111
5654317790	polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects	chitin	112
5654317791	protein that keeps us healthy by fighting off infection	antibodies	113
5654317792	long, chain like molecule made up of many repeating monomers	polymer	114
5654317793	group of organic compounds rich containing C, H, and O with a very high H to O ratio	lipids	115
5654317794	sugar found in fruit	frutose	116
5654317795	along with a sugar and a nitrogenous base, makes up a nucletide	phosphate	117
5654317796	disaccharide known as table sugar	sucrose	118
5654317797	polysaccharide in which animals store excess carbs (animal starch)	glycogen	119
5654317798	double stranded nucleic acid	DNA	120
5654317799	protein that sends messages through the body	hormones	121
5654317800	polysaccharides found in plant cell walls (commonly called cellulose)	fiber	122
5654317801	monosaccharide that cells can use	glucose	123
5654317802	lipids	energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	124
5654317803	protein	macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes	125
5654317804	nucleic acid	an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information contains hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur	126
5654317805	carbs	organic compounds, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom	127
5654317806	starch	polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers	128
5654317807	cellulose	polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls	129
5654317808	DNA	a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	130
5654317809	enzyme	specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions	131
5654317810	RNA	ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis	132
5654317811	glycogen	The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose	133
5654317812	fat	saturated solid at RT no double bonds	134
5654317813	oils	unsaturated liquid at RT many double bonds	135
5654317814	Lactose	A disaccharide found in Milk	136