AP English Flashcards

6658508765	alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
6658508766	allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
6658508767	analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
6658508768	anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
6658508769	ancedote	A short account of an interesting event	4
6658508770	annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text	5
6658508771	antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
6658508772	antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
6658508773	antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
6658508774	aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	9
6658508775	appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
6658508776	archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
6658508777	argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
6658508778	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
6658508779	assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes argument	14
6658508780	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
6658508781	asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
6658508782	attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
6658508783	audience	One's listener or readership' those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
6658508784	authority	A reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge	19
6658508785	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
6658508786	cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
6658508787	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
6658508788	close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
6658508789	colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language	24
6658508790	common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
6658508791	complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
6658508792	concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	27
6658508793	connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
6658508794	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
6658508795	coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
6658508796	counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
6658508797	credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy	32
6658508798	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	33
6658508799	declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement	34
6658508800	deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	35
6658508801	denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	36
6658508802	dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column	37
6658508803	diction	Word choice	38
6658508804	documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	39
6658508805	elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	40
6658508806	epigram	A brief witty statement	41
6658508807	ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person on of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	42
6658508808	explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading	43
6658508809	facts	Information that is true or demonstrable	44
6658508810	figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	45
6658508811	figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	46
6658508812	fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	47
6658508813	hortatory	Urging, or strongly encouraging	48
6658508814	hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	49
6658508815	imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	50
6658508816	imperative sentences	A sentence that requests or commands	51
6658508817	induction	Reasoning from specific to general	52
6658508818	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	53
6658508819	irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	54
6658508820	juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	55
6658508821	logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	56
6658508822	metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	57
6658508823	metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	58
6658508824	modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	59
6658508825	narration	Retelling an event or series of events	60
6658508826	nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun	61
6658508827	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	62
6658508828	omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator	63
6658508829	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	64
6658508830	pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented	65
6658508831	paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	66
6658508832	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	67
6658508833	parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridcule	68
6658508834	pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	69
6658508835	periodic sentence	A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause	70
6658508836	persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	71
6658508837	personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	72
6658508838	polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	73
6658508839	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	74
6658508840	premise; major, minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded Minor premise: All horses are mammals Conclusion: All horses are warm blooded (see syllogism)	75
6658508841	pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase	76
6658508842	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	77
6658508843	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	78
6658508844	refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	79
6658508845	rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	80
6658508846	rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	81
6658508847	rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	82
6658508848	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	83
6658508849	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	84
6658508850	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	85
6658508851	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions -- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	86
6658508852	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	87
6658508853	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	88
6658508854	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	89
6658508855	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	90
6658508856	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	91
6658508857	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	92
6658508858	style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	93
6658508859	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	94
6658508860	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	95
6658508861	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	96
6658508862	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	97
6658508863	syntax	Sentence structure	98
6658508864	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	99
6658508865	thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	100
6658508866	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	101
6658508867	tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	102
6658508868	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraphs's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	103
6658508869	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way also called a figure of speech	104
6658508870	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	105
6658508871	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	106
6658508872	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-- often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-- two or more words in a sentence	107