Personal Nutrition CH 7 Flashcards
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| 9626642980 | vitamins | essential, non-caloric, organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet | 0 | |
| 9626649801 | role of vitamins | to help make possible the process by which the other nutrients are digested, absorbed, metabolized, or built into body structures | 1 | |
| 9626665910 | precursors | vitamin __________ in food are transformed into active vitamins by the body | 2 | |
| 9626673283 | fat soluble vitamins (KNOW REALLY WELL) | vitamin A, D, E, & K | 3 | |
| 9626679616 | water-soluble vitamins (KNOW REALLY WELL) | B vitamins (slide 3) & vitamin C | 4 | |
| 9626727220 | fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed: | like fats (first lymph, then blood) | 5 | |
| 9626736123 | water-soluble vitamins are absorbed: | directly into the blood | 6 | |
| 9626748731 | fat-soluble vitamins are transported: | with protein carriers in watery body fluids | 7 | |
| 9626754766 | water-soluble vitamins are transported: | freely in watery fluids | 8 | |
| 9628111000 | fat-soluble vitamins are stored: | in the liver or fatty tissues | 9 | |
| 9628114109 | water-soluble vitamins are stored: | most are NOT stored in the body | 10 | |
| 9628116761 | fat-soluble vitamins are excreted: | NOT readily; tend to build up in the tissues | 11 | |
| 9628121010 | water-soluble vitamins are excreted: | readily in the urine | 12 | |
| 9628125289 | fat-soluble vitamins toxicity: | rarely occur from food; likely from supplements | 13 | |
| 9628127976 | water-soluble vitamins toxicity: | unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements | 14 | |
| 9628131193 | fat soluble vitamin requirements: | needed in periodic doses because the body can draw from its own stores | 15 | |
| 9628134605 | water-soluble vitamin requirements: | needed in frequent doses because body does not store most of them to any extent | 16 | |
| 9628143340 | fat-soluble vitamins food sources: | fats and oils in foods | 17 | |
| 9628147588 | fat-soluble vitamins require ______ for absorption | bile | 18 | |
| 9628148425 | fat-soluble vitamin deficiency | diet consistently low in them, fat malabsorption disease, very low fat diet, and heavy laxative use | 19 | |
| 9628153142 | three forms of vitamin A in the body: | retinol (stored in liver), retinal, and retinoic acid | 20 | |
| 9628156520 | vitamin A: plant derived precursor= | beta-carotene | 21 | |
| 9628158296 | beta-carotene | must be converted to active Vit. A for use | 22 | |
| 9628162502 | food derived from ________ provide forms of vit. A that are ____________ ______________. | animals; readily absorbed | 23 | |
| 9628165142 | roles of vitamin A | - sustains normal eyesight - regulation of gene expression - cell differentiation - immune function - growth - reproduction | 24 | |
| 9628171363 | vit. A: sustains normal eyesight | process of light perception (retina); maintenance of healthy cornea (part of rhodopsin molecule) | 25 | |
| 9628178207 | vit.A: regulation of gene | expression; transcription (dna--> mrna); retinoic acid form | 26 | |
| 9628182321 | vit. A: cell differentiation | barrier cells form harmful elements; is needed by all epithelial tissue; external skin and internal linings; goblet cells (protective mucus) | 27 | |
| 9628189038 | vit. A: immune function | anti-infective vitamin; regulation of genes involved in immunity | 28 | |
| 9628193690 | vit. A: growth | is essential for normal growth of bones and teeth | 29 | |
| 9628198390 | vit. A: reproduction | male and female reproductive tracts; normal development of embryo and fetus | 30 | |
| 9630991352 | consequences of vitamin A deficiencies | night blindness, xerophthalmia and blindness, keritinization of epithelial tissues, overall impaired immune function, vast problem world-wide | 31 | |
| 9631004915 | Vit. A: night blindness | lag in the recovery of night vision after a flash of bright light at night | 32 | |
| 9631024542 | Vit. A: xeropthalmia and blindness | keritinization (clouding) of the cornea-> xerosis (drying)-> permanent blindness (xeropthalmia) | 33 | |
| 9631062922 | Vit. A: keratinization of epithelial tissues | due to impaired cell differentiation; tissue surfaces dry, hard and cracked; vulnerable to infection (respiratory tract and urinary) | 34 | |
| 9631097761 | Vit. A: vast problem world-wide | 5 million preschool children suffer from vitamin A deficiency (leading to loss of site) loss of food worsens the condition; 190 million suffer from milder form of vitamin A deficiency (leading to infections); WHO & UNICEF working to reduce rates | 35 | |
| 9631128138 | how to ensure not to get vitamin A toxicity | steer clear of Vit. A-containing supplements and rely on food sources instead | 36 | |
| 9631144433 | food sources of Vit. A | slide 22 | 37 | |
| 9631149656 | food sources vit. A: active forms= | foods of animal origin (liver, fish oil, milk and milk products, and fortified cereals | 38 | |
| 9631168869 | food sources vit. A: carotenoid precursor (beta-carotene)= | fruits and vegetables; pigments in foods that range in color from light yellow to reddish orange; dark green leafy vegetables and orange vegetables | 39 | |
| 9632521009 | macular degeneration | most common form of age-related blindness associated with eating pattern low in carotenoids | 40 | |
| 9632534129 | beta carotene | most abundant carotenoid found in plant-based foods; dietary antioxidant; vit. A activity from precursors is measured in retinol activity equivalents (RAE) (12ug beta-carotene: 1ug retinol; too inefficient to cause toxicity); skin discoloration may occur with excess consumption | 41 | |
| 9632576809 | excess beta-carotene symptom | discoloration of the skin | 42 | |
| 9632582967 | vitamin A and Beta-Carotene | slide 26 (make a note card) | 43 | |
| 9632598662 | vitamin D is unique in that the body can synthesize all it needs from | sunlight (vit. D is not an essential nutrient) | 44 | |
| 9632612245 | national drop in blood ______ __ levels over the past decade | Vit. D | 45 | |
| 9632625898 | Vit. D: must undergo series of chem transformations in _______ and ________ to activate it | liver; kidneys | 46 | |
| 9632642444 | ultraviolet rays act on: | cholesterol compounds in human skin->transformed into vit. D precursor->absorbed directly into blood; kidneys and liver finish the conversion to active vitamin D; skin pigments protect against UV radiation | 47 | |
| 9632662878 | dark skinned= | 3 h direct sunlight to make vitamin D | 48 | |
| 9632666934 | light skinned= | 5 min without sunscreen | 49 | |
| 9632717136 | vitamin D calcium regulation | regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels--> maintains bone integrity; acts at three locations to raise blood calcium levels (skeleton, digestive tract, kidneys) | 50 | |
| 9632731729 | vitamin D, hormone: | acts at the genetic level | 51 | |
| 9632739032 | vit. D-deficiency | too little vit D= danger to bones; rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis | 52 | |
| 9632748639 | rickets-children | bowed legs- unable to mineralize newly forming bone material; beaded ribs | 53 | |
| 9632762278 | osteomalacia-adults | bones become soft, flexible, weak and deformed; painful, often mis-diagnosed as arthuritus | 54 | |
| 9632774950 | vit D deficiency =: groups to be concerned with | overweight/obese, people lacking exposure to sunlight, dark-skinned people and their breast-fed infants, adolescent children, and people who restrict intakes of animal and dairy foods | 55 | |
| 9632792463 | vitamin D-toxicity | too much vit D= danger to soft tissues; most potentially toxic vitamin; overdoses raise blood calcium concentrations (collect in soft tissues; can lead to kidney and heart failure); cannot overdose from sunlight | 56 | |
| 9632815942 | symptoms of vit. D toxicity | excessive thirst, headache, nausea, weakness | 57 | |
| 9632827201 | vitamin D-food sources | recommended steadily throughout life; few naturally-rich food sources (fatty fish-salmon and mackerel; egg yolks; fish liver oil); milk and fortified dairy and cereal products | 58 | |
| 9633014784 | Vitamin D | slide 39 (make a note card) | 59 | |
| 9633023988 | vitamin E: tocopherol= | compound in vegetable oils essential for reproduction in rats; tokos= greek for offspring;alpha= gold stnadard for vit. E activity (DRI recommendations expressed as alpha-tocopherol | 60 | |
| 9633330733 | only _____ or ______ cooked oils supply vit E | raw; gently | 61 | |
| 9633338129 | vit. E: antioxidant | protects from free radical damage | 62 | |
| 9633343941 | vitamin E deficiency | rare in healthy humans; may occur in premature infants (erythrocyte hemolysis--> anemia; transfer of vit. E from mother to infant takes place in late pregnancy) | 63 | |
| 9633361980 | vitamin E toxicity | is rare but supplements may carry risks (augments the effects pf anticoagulant medicines--> uncontrollable bleeding) | 64 | |
| 9633378461 | vitamin E food sources | widespread in foods; vegetable oils; readily destroyed by heat and oxidation; best sources: fresh raw oils & lightly processed vit E rich foods | 65 | |
| 9633391332 | vitamin E | slide 46 (make a note card) | 66 | |
| 9633402956 | Vitamin K; blood clotting protein synthesis | warfarin blood thinners | 67 | |
| 9633409503 | vitamin K: bone protein synthesis | assists with bone mineralization | 68 | |
| 9633415786 | vitamin K deficiency--> uncontrolled bleeding | new born infants; vit K-producing intestinal bacteria take weeks to establish; given K injection at birth; chronic antibiotic use | 69 | |
| 9633441081 | vitamin K toxicity | no TUL; toxic dose of synthetic vit K--> Jaundice | 70 | |
| 9633449014 | vitamin K food sources | dark green leafy vegetables: spinach, lettuce, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage | 71 | |
| 9633462830 | vitamin K | slide 51 (make a note card) | 72 |