AP World History Chapter Two Flashcards

7171109026	civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.	0
7171109027	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.	1
7171109028	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	2
7171109029	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.	3
7171109030	ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.	4
7171109031	city-state	A form of political organizations typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.	5
7171109032	Babylonians	Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.	6
7171109033	Hammurabi	The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law.	7
7171109034	pharaoh	Title of kings of ancient Egypt.	8
7171109035	pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	9
7171109036	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nike c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	10
7171109037	Indus River	River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	11
7171109038	Harappa	Along with the Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	12
7171109039	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	13
7171109040	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	14
7171109041	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries of B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.	15
7171109042	Ramayana	One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.	16
7171109043	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	17
7171109044	Yellow River	Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.	18
7171109045	ideographs	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	19
7171109046	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	20
7171109047	Olmecs	People of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	21
7171109048	Chavín de Huantar	Chavin culture appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.	22
7171109049	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	23
7171109050	monotheism	The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.	24