AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

9804780332	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
9804780333	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
9804780334	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
9804780335	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
9804780336	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
9804780337	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
9804780338	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
9804780339	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
9804780340	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
9804780341	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
9804780342	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
9804780343	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
9804780344	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
9804780345	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
9804780346	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
9804780347	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
9804780348	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
9804780349	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
9804780350	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
9804780351	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
9804780352	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
9804780353	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
9804780354	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
9804780355	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
9804780356	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
9804780357	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
9804780358	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
9804780359	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
9804780360	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
9804780361	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
9804780362	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	30
9804780363	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	31
9804780364	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
9804780365	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
9804780366	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	34
9804780367	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	35
9804780368	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	36
9804780369	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	37
9804780370	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	38
9804780371	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	39
9804780372	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	40
9804780373	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	41
9804780374	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	42
9804780375	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	43
9804780376	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	44
9804780377	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	45
9804780378	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	46
9804780379	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	47
9804780380	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	48
9804780381	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	49
9804780382	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	50
9804780383	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	51
9804780384	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	52
9804780385	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	53
9804780386	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	54
9804780387	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	55
9804780388	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	56
9804780389	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	57
9804780390	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	58
9804780391	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	59
9804780392	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	60
9804780393	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	61
9804780394	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	62
9804780395	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	63
9804780396	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	64
9804780397	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	65
9804780398	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	66
9804780399	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	67
9804780400	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	68