Thinking & Language- AP Psychology Flashcards

8555420055	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering , & communicating ex. mind activities	0
8555423490	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people ex. concept of chair= baby high chair, reclining chair, dentist's chair, etc.	1
8555431548	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category -matching new items to a prototype provides a quick & easy method for sorting items into categories ex. comparing all feathered creatures into a prototypical bird, like a robin	2
8555440070	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule/proceudure that guarantees solving a particular problem -contrasts with heuristics ex. looking in EVERY aisle for something in a store	3
8555448452	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments & solve problems efficiently -usually speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms ex. looking in beverage or natural food section for guava juice	4
8555463744	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution -contrasts w/ strategy-based solutions ex. lightbulb	5
8555468046	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions & to ignore/distort contradictory evidence ex. you think the earth is flat, so you only look for evidence supporting a flat-earth	6
8555488883	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way -often in a way that has been successful in the past ex. solve math problems the way you solved previous ones, may be easier solution	7
8555503935	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling/thought -contrasted w/ explicit, conscious reasoning ex. by the seat of your pants	8
8555515666	availability heuristics	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events as common ex. when getting on a plane, we imagine it crashing, with makes us think it is a common occurance	9
8555524486	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct -to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs & judgments ex. BP's overconfidence= downplayed safety concernes= oil spill	10
8555534565	belief perserverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited ex. people don't believe in global warming despite evidence	11
8555541230	framing	the way an issue is posed -how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions & judgments ex. if you have to opt in for organ donation, less people will do it	12
8555562586	creativity	the ability to produce new & valuable ideas ex. showers are a creative environment	13
8555565549	convergent thinking	narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution ex. intelligence tests require this thinking	14
8555574089	divergent thinking	expanding the # of possible problem solutions -creating thinking that diverges into different directions ex. how many uses can you think of for a shoelace? (demo)	15
8555584457	language	our spoken, written, or gestured words & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning ex. how we communicate	16
8555590543	phoneme	the smallest distinctive sound unit ex. "bat" = b, a, t	17
8555595150	morpheme	the smallest unit that carrier meaning -may be a word or a part of a word ex. "cats" = cat & s	18
8555810189	grammar	a system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others -semantics & syntax ex. rules for communicating	19
8555824985	semantics	the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds ex. kit-ty= kit, kitty	20
8555854523	syntax	the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences ex. dog bone the ate = dog at the bone	21
8555862266	babbling stage	an infant spontaneously utters various sounds (at first) unrelated to the household language -4 months-10 month ex. tongue in front of mouth ('da-da', 'na-na') opening mouth ('ma-ma')	22
8555882833	one-word stage	child speaks in mostly single words -12 months ex. "fish"	23
8555930398	two-word stage	child speaks mostly in 2-word statements -24 month ex. "get ball"	24
8555941021	telegraphic speech	early speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns & verbs ex. "want juice"	25
8555995665	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage (Broca's or Wernicke's) ex. cannot speak and/or understand	26
8556002138	Broca's area	controls language expression & speech -left hemisphere, frontal lobe ex. can understand, cannot speak	27
8556006840	Wernicke's area	controls language reception & comprehension -left temporal lobe ex. speak meaningless words	28
8556010464	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective ex. an impediment to problem solving	29
8556025192	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions -interfered w/ problem solving ex. candle matchbox example	30
8556033616	representative heursitics	to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes ex. quiet, glasses, bad style = librarian, not a truck driver (like stereotypes)	31
8556054114	availability heuristrics	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common ex. which job is more dangerous, police officer or logger? actually loggers' have more deaths	32
8556071919	belief bias	we more easily see the illogical of conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs	33
8556079548	artificial intelligence	tries to stimulate human though processes, practical applications, etc. ex. computer thinks like human	34
8556083922	neural network	computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells ex. like nerves sending messages across the body	35
8556097098	language acquisition device (LAD)	a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition ex. Chomsky	36
8556108836	Skinner	language was learned through environment -nurture ex. kids mimic parents	37
8556117249	Chomsky	believed we had an innate ability to acquire language -LAD -involves critical period -nature ex. kids say things they've never learned	38
8556125874	linguistic relativity	the structure of a language affects the speaker's world view or cognition ex. speak spanish= think spanish	39
8556202139	thinking w/o language	1. some ideas do not depend on language 2. we sometimes think in images and not words 3. our thinking affects our language, which then affects our thoughts NO language w/o thinking	40