AP World History Chapter 8 Flashcards

7704839862	Stateless societies	Organized around kinship, etc; lacked political power and authority (Had govts but by family or the community [no taxes]; disputes resolved more easily [ppl could leave and make new villages]; difficult to: resist external pressures, mobilize for war, organize large building projects, organize long distance trade)	0
7704839863	Bantu Migrations	Brought linguistic base across Africa, similar structure and vocabulary allowed mutual understanding	1
7704839864	Religion of Africa before Islam	Animism (belief in natural forces personified as spirits or gods; believed in witchcraft bringing evil, disasters, illnesses; believed in creator deity)	2
7705175569	Ifriqiya	The Arabic term for eastern North Africa; Roman name for present-day Tunisia.	3
7705175570	Maghrib	The Arabic term for western North Africa	4
7705175571	Charles Martel at Poitiers	Stops Muslim invasion in France (Battle of Tours) in 732 C.E.	5
7705175572	Almoravids	Set out on a jihad to spread Muslim beliefs south in Africa and West towards Spain	6
7705175573	Nubia and Ethiopia	The Christian Kingdoms of Africa	7
7705175574	Almohadis	In 1130, followed same pattern of Almoravids to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa	8
7705175575	sahel	Extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara	9
7705175576	Sudanic States	Had a patriarch or council of elders; same linguistic or ethnic background, but power extended over subordinate areas; had control over sovereignty	10
7705175577	Ghana	Rose to power by taxing salt and gold exchange; at height of power and converted to Islam 10th century; Almoravid forces invaded this in 1076 and sent it to a decline	11
7705175578	Mali	Rulers supported Islam and in exchange the sermons were supporting the king; economy mostly in agriculture (trade, juula); Mansa Musa has pilgrimage and brought attention of Islam world to this	12
7705175579	Juula	Malinke merchants who traded throughout west Africa	13
7705175580	Sundiata	"Lion Prince"; Mali's first great leader who began the Malinke expansion	14
7705175581	Griots	Professional west African oral historians	15
7705175582	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	16
7705175583	Mansa Musa	Mali's most famous ruler who made a pilgrimage in 1324 and brought attention of Muslim world to Mali.	17
7705175584	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	18
7705175585	Songhay	a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591; In 1010, Gao was the established capital and rulers became Muslim, even though the majority population was pagan; gained independence in 1370s	19
7705175586	Sunni Ali (1464-1492)	First great, dynamic, ruthless ruler of Songhay, who established the empire	20
7705175587	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century	21
7705175588	Hausa	A West African people who lived in several city-states in what is now northern Nigeria that combined Muslim and pagan traditions after the demise of Songhay	22
7705175589	Sharia	Islamic law	23
7717249092	The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea	A Greek account of the Indian Ocean in the 1st century that mentioned some ports in east Africa; did not mention the ethnicity of the inhabitants	24
7717249093	Swahili	Refers to the culture and the Bantu language (with Arabic loanwords) spoken in the coastal regions of East Africa. Literally means "coastal"	25
7717477173	Kilwa	predominant city-state on the east African coast that was a major trading center; controlled southern port of Sofala (which had gold)	26
7717483396	Zenj	Arabic term for the east African coast	27
7717491819	Chinese	From 13th century to 1431, they traded porcelain in exchange for ivory, gold, and rare woods; direct trade discontinued after 1431	28
7717525562	Islamic and African culture	Swahili culture was a hybrid (mix) of	29
7717528338	Portuguese	arrived around 1500 and raided Kilwa and Mombasa in attempt to control trade; never able to control trade on northern Swahili coast	30
7721533003	Nok	a village located in the forests of central Nigeria where terra-cotta objects that reveal major artistic skill and tradition had been discovered	31
7721582894	Yoruba	refers to a tribe of people in Nigeria and the language of that tribe; states were organized as an agricultural society supported by a peasantry and dominated by a ruling family and aristocracy.	32
7721740361	Ile-Ife	Cultural center and holiest city of the Yoruba; Artists (there) produced lifelike and remarkably executed terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads of past rulers after 1200 C.E.	33
7721904143	Oyo	(14th century) A Yoruba state; the council of state advised the king and limited his power; Ogboni reviewed decisions of the king and council. (checks and balances system)	34
7722064726	Alafin	the Oyo word for "king" or "ruler"	35
7722088888	Ogboni	secret society of religious and political leaders that reviewed decisions of the king and the council	36
7722113889	Oba	Title for the king of Benin.	37
7722200303	Benin	(14th century) large city-state of the Edo peoples that was artistically impressive; had magnificent artistic output with ivory and cast bronze	38
7722315048	Ewuare the Great	Under this Benin king, Benin's control extended from the Niger River to the coast near modern Lagos	39
7722392968	Iguegha	an artisan in bronze casting that was sent from Ile-Ife to Benin to introduce the artists of Benin the techniques of making bronze sculptures	40
7724428183	Kongo	(formed 13th century; flourished by late 15th century) had agricultural base: people developed the skills of weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, carving; artisans were highly esteemed: skilled in the working of wood, copper, iron	41
7724467355	seashells	currency in the Kongo Kingdom	42
7724613611	Mbanza Kongo	capital of Kongo (had population of 60,000 - 100,000 by 16th century)	43
7724503091	manikongo	term for king of the Kongo people	44
7724514810	mani	means "blacksmith" to the Kongo people	45
7724632111	zimbabwe	means stone house	46
7724655719	Great Zimbabwe	(9th century) Largest stone house site that contained impressive architecture made with stone; had religious importance, associated with the bird of God; (in 15th - 16th century) dominated sources of gold --> commerce/trade	47
7724823971	Mwene Mutapa	King of Great Zimbabwe that led the kingdom to a short period of expansion in the late 15th and 16th centuries	48
7717256940	Provided residents of East African towns sets of ethics and beliefs that made maritime (sea) contact easier	Effect of Islam on East Africa	49