AP World History Midterm Flashcards

3678095986	Paleolithic	The period of the Stone Age that is associated with the evolution of humans.	0
3678096347	Neolithic	Period after Paleolithic in which the Agricultural Revolution happened.	1
3678096348	Agricultural Revolutions	The shift of people from hunter-gatherers to settled agriculture. Led to society and government.	2
3678096349	Civilization	A complex society or a group of people that share a culture.	3
3678096350	Babylon	New city founded by Semetic Amorites after the Third Dynasty of Ur fell.	4
3678096797	Sumerians	People living in Mesopotamia at the start of the historical period. Made the framework of civilization.	5
3678096798	Semetic	Language group spoken by Mesopotamians other than Sumerians.	6
3678096799	City-State	Self-governing urban center.	7
3678096800	Hammurabi	6th ruler of the First Babylonian Dynasty, responsible for Hammurabi's code (eye for an eye, etc)	8
3678096806	Nubia	Land south of Egypt. Famous for its gold mines. Egypt frequently wanted control of this land, and ended up conquering them for a time.	9
3678098155	Shang	Dominant people in earliest recorded Chinese dynasty.	10
3678098156	Zhou	Dynasty that replaced Shang dynasty. Came from the west.	11
3678098157	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese rulers are required by god to rule in the best interests of the people. If rulers do not do this, then they can be removed from power citing this.	12
3678098638	Legalism	School of political thought. Emphasized supremacy of the King and submission of his subjects.	13
3678098639	Confucius	Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His teachings made Confucianism.	14
3678098640	Daoism	School of thought allegedly created by Laozi. Simple and allowing view on life.	15
3678098641	Kush	Egyptian name for Nubia.	16
3678099291	Olmec	First Mesoamerican civilization. Had a vibrant culture.	17
3678099292	Chavin	First major urban civilization in South America.	18
3678099293	Iron Age	Period in which Iron is used for weapons and tools, replacing bronze.	19
3678099294	Hatsheput	Queen of Egypt. Sent naval expedition to Punt. had opposition to her rule.	20
3678100436	Akhanaten	Took control of Egypt and shifted all focus to the Sun God, changing the way Egypt did religion for a while. This was eventually reversed by the proceeding ruler.	21
3678100437	Diaspora	Greek word meaning dispersion. It is used to describe Jewish people living outside Israel.	22
3678100438	Phonicians	Semitic speaking Canaanites. Lived on modern coast of Lebanon and Syria.	23
3678100955	Carthage	City in present-day Tunisia. Major commercial center and naval power. Eventually defeated by Romans.	24
3678100956	Darius I	Emperor who took control of the Persian empire and extended its control towards the east.	25
3678100957	Satrap	A governor assigned by the King of Persia to rule a province.	26
3678100958	Cyrus	The son of a Persian chieftain and a Median princess, he overthrew the median monarch and united the Persian tribes into one.	27
3678101777	Zoroastrianism	The Persian religion. Unknown origin but influences Judaism. Monotheistic, held humans to high standards.	28
3678101778	Polis	Greek for city-state. City-states existed because Greece did not have a central government so cities had to govern themselves.	29
3678101779	Athens	The intellectual and agricultural city-state of Greece. It hosted the Olympics and had many great philosophers.	30
3678101780	Sparta	The military city-state of Greece. It trained all its men in war, and was the security for the Olympics.	31
3678101781	Deomcracy	The government of Athens. It allowed citizens of the city to vote on governmental matters, and was truly a government of the people.	32
3678103800	Anthropomorphic	Having human qualities. Greek gods were anthropomorphic.	33
3678103801	Persian Wars	Wars between Greece and Persia. The threat from Persia caused Greece to unite and fight, ultimately winning (bust underdog victory ever).	34
3678104862	Peloponnesian War	War between Sparta and Athens over which city-state would control the newly-united Greece.	35
3678134839	Hellenistic Age	The age when Greek culture spread throughout the known world, due to Alexander the Great.	36
3678134840	Roman Republic	Early Roman Empire. Consisted of a few villages on a peninsula with a common language and culture.	37
3678135365	Roman Senate	Makes policy and governs the Roman Republic.	38
3678135366	Roman Principate	The period after the Roman Republic fell. Characterized by leader Octavian.	39
3678135367	Pax Romana	"Roman peace."	40
3678136112	Constantine	United Romans under his rule, made the Romans accept Christianity.	41
3678136113	Qin	One of the ancient Chinese warring states, it conquered its rivals and made a Chinese empire.	42
3678136114	Shi Hangdi	Founder of the Qin Empire.	43
3678136117	Han	Dynasty that controlled China after the Qin. Start of Imperial China.	44
3678137099	Chang'an	First Chinese capital city.	45
3678137100	Xiongnu	Nomads who lived tot he north of China. Consistently a problem, and caused the Great Wall to built.	46
3678137775	Vendas	Religious texts that are the main source of knowledge for the Vedic Age. Indian societal principals laid out here.	47
3678137776	Varna	Literally means color, but colloquially means class. It was the 4 class system in India. (top to bottom): Priests + scholars, warriors + officials, merchants, peasants + laborers.	48
3678137777	Jati	Caste system in India.	49
3678137778	Buddha	The founder of Buddhism. He believed in peace and harmony with nature, and spread his teaching to many.	50
3678138689	Mahayana Buddhism	The form of Buddhism that embraces outside influence.	51
3678138690	Theravada Buddhism	The form of Buddhism that sticks to the teaching of the Buddha.	52
3678138691	Hinduism	"What the Indians Do" as labeled by Muslim invaders. Predominant religion in India.	53
3678147720	Mauryan Empire	India's first centralized empire, it took example from the Greeks. Powerful, filled the entire subcontinent.	54
3678147721	Ashoka	Grandson of the founder of the Mauryan Empire. He became Buddhist and renounced violence. Emphasized religious tolerance.	55
3678147722	Mahabharata	Story of two sets of cousins who fight due to a claim to the Indian throne. Tragic battle ensues, winner is afraid to take the throne.	56
3678148781	Gupta Empire	Second great Indian kingdom, based on Mauryan Empire.	57
3678148782	Malay Poeples	The dominant people of southeast Asia, they had impressive navigational skills and colonized many Pacific islands.	58
3678148783	Silk Road	The trade route that stretched from the west (Roman/Byzantine/Latin West empires) to the east (China, Mongolia). It lasted from around 220 B.C.E to 1450 C.E. Silk, porcelain, spices, metals, people, ideas, religions, cultures, and more traveled the road.	59
3678149664	Parthians	Independent kingdom in northwest Iran. Most likely helped to start the Silk Road.	60
3678149665	Indian Ocean Maritime System	Trade network on the Indian Ocean.	61
3678150642	Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes	Trade network in the Saharan Desert. Connected North and South African trade networks.	62
3678150643	Ghana	A country in West Africa, important in the Trans-Saharan Trade Route.	63
3678150644	Islam	"Submission" to the will of God.	64
3678150645	Sassanid Empire	An empire in Persia during the time Islam was founded.	65
3678151272	Abu Bakr	Ruler of the Umma after Muhammad passed away. He was Muhammad's companion.	66
3678151273	Caliphate	An Islamic empire led by a Caliph.	67
3678152091	Ummayad Caliphate	Caliphate led by Yazid.	68
3678152092	Abbasid Caliphate	Caliphate led by the family of Abbad, one of Muhammad's uncles. Appeared after a secret organization that staged a revolt and overthrew the Ummayad Leaders.	69
3678152093	Medeival	"Middle Age" between the era of Greco-Roman civilization and the Renaissance.	70
3678152952	Charlemange	"Charles the Great," the first man in western Europe to have the title of emperor in 300 years.	71
3678152953	Byzantine Empire	The Eastern roman Empire, it maintained the old Roman Empire.	72
3678152954	Kievan Russia	Kingdom that blended Byzantine influence with the Christian church.	73
3678153884	Schism	The Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. It was due to many issues including the pope's jurisdiction.	74
3678153885	Crusades	Military campaigns started by Christians against Muslims to conquer the Holy land, which was Jerusalem and its surrounding areas.	75
3678153886	Feudalism	The land grand process in Western Europe in which lords owned land and gave it out to people in exchange for military service.	76
3678154497	Holy Roman Empire	Not Holy or Roman, it consisted of German princes who ruled over some land. The Pope eventually crowned rulers of the empire, but they had little authority.	77
3678154908	Tang Empire	Large empire carved out of the existing Sui. Controlled by the Li family.	78
3678154915	Li Shimin	Founder of the Tang empire.	79
3678155949	Tributary System	Political relationship in which independent countries acknowledged the Chinese emperor's superiority.	80
3678155950	Bubonic Plague	Also known as the Black Death. It spread through rats thus along the Silk Road, and was very deadly.	81
3678155951	Uighurs	Turkic group that took over Inner Asia, caused the Muslim influences in the region.	82
3678156893	Kamakura Shogunate	First of three decentralized military governments in Japan.	83
3678156894	Song Empire	Third of three states that developed after the Tang fell. Followed Confucianism, cut off from other Chinese states, had sea-trade contacts with many other nations.	84
3678157778	Examination System in China	A system that enabled anyone to take a civil service examination to be able to obtain a government job.	85
3678166303	Shamanism	Practice of attempting to communicate with the spiritual world.	86
3678166304	Maize	Corn. The main crop of the Americas.	87
3678166305	Bloodletting Rituals	Rituals in which blood was removed from the body. They were frequently done as a sacrificial ritual and were practiced by many America societies.	88
3678166804	Teotihuacan	Located in the Valley of Mexico, began as a religious center and turned into a civilization.	89
3678166805	Maya	Known for intellectual advances such as the calendar and a writing system. Important civilization in Mesoamerica. Known for architecture.	90
3678166807	Toltecs	Developed in Tula. Similar to the Aztecs.	91
3678167661	Aztecs	A pre-Columbian Mesoamerican society. Believed Toltecs were creators of all intellect.	92
3678167662	Tenochtitlan	Capitol city of the Aztecs. Located on an island. Largest city around for a while.	93
3678169481	Huitzilopochtli	Mesoamerican god of war, sun, and human sacrifice.	94
3678169482	Anasazi	Ancestors of Pueblo Indians. Lived in pit houses and other structures.	95
3678169483	Wari	Middle Horizon civilization in Peru. Not much known about them.	96
3678170079	Genghis Khan	Leader of the Mongols. He led his people to conquer a lot of land and other people.	97
3678170080	Mongols	A tribal society from eastern Asia that united under Genghis Khan and proceeded to conquer a lot of people and land.	98
3678170081	Golden Horde	Khanate in Southern Russia.	99
3678170854	Yuan Empire	Empire founded by Kublai after powerful khans didn't accept him.	100
3678170855	Timur	Ruler who gained control of Jagadai forces and launched military campaigns into Europe.	101
3678170856	Ottomans	Descended from Turks, very powerful, situated near the Sea of Marmara.	102
3678170857	Zheng He	Imperial eunuch who went on naval expeditions.	103
3678171525	Forbidden CIty	Chinese imperial palace from Ming dynasty to Qing dynasty.	104
3678171526	Ming Empire	Enacted after Mongol Yuan Empire was overthrown.	105
3678172766	Kublai Khan	Grandson of Genghis Khan, he ruled parts of the Mongol empire and founded the Yuan dynasty in China.	106
3678173391	Ashikaga Shogunate	Shogunate that appeared after the Kamakura Shugunate fell.	107
3678173392	Emperor Yi	Leader of Chu state in Qin dynasty.	108
3678173957	IL-Khan	State established by Genghis Khan's grandson, controlled parts of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Persia,	109
3678174556	Ibn Battuta	Young Muslim Scholar from morocco, documented expansion of Islamic empires across Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.	110
3678174557	Delhi Sultanate	Islamic empire in India, introduced new water-control systems. Islam spread here by the sword.	111
3678174558	Mali	A rich Islamic empire in north-western Africa. It had a lot of gold, and its leader promoted Islamic studies heavily. Islam spread peacefully here.	112
3678174559	Mansa Musa	Leader of the Mali empire, he was a very wealthy man. Fun fact: he crashed other civilizations' economies by giving out gifts of gold.	113
3678175202	Gujarat	Rich trading state captured by Delhi Sultanate after facing Mongol threats from the north.	114
3678175204	Swahili Coast	Coast of Africa that engaged in Indian Ocean trade.	115
3678176182	Great Zimbabwe	Capitol of a great trading nation on a plateau south of the gold-filled Zambezi river.	116
3678176183	Timbuktu	West African country, had many Quranic schools and bought books at high prices. Had a respect for literature and education.	117
3678176184	Latin West	Western European area which called itself "Latin." Important for the future of the world.	118
3678176672	Three-field system	A system of farming where 2/3 of farmland would be planted, and the remaining 1/3 would be planted with oats. The sections used changed every year. This maintained the fertility of the oil and was very efficient.	119
3678176673	Black Death	Bubonic plague. Killed 1/3 of the western European population.	120
3678177162	Hellenistic League	Association of trading cities in Northern Europe. Traded in Baltic Sea.	121
3678177163	Renaissance (European)	A cultural movement in which the humanities received a greater importance.	122
3678179351	Great Western Schism	Leaders of the Church at Avignon and Church at Rome fought for the loyalties of Latin Christians.	123
3678179352	Hundred Years War	Conflict between king of France and landowners. Landowners included English kings.	124
3678179362	Reconquest of Iberia	Done by Spain and Portugal. Affected Muslims and Jews.	125
3678179987	Magna Carta	A revolutionary governmental charter signed by King John of England. It promised the protection of church rights, protection for barons, swift justice, limits on feudal payments, and more. It was renewed by almost tall of the kings after John.	126
3678180738	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who traveled on exploration trips to western coast of Africa and promoted the study of navigation.	127
3678180739	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty between Spain an Portugal. Settled conflicts over lands newly discovered of explored by Columbus.	128
3678181638	Bartolomeu Dias	First to sail around south-most tip of Africa, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic	129
3678181639	Vasco de Gama	Completed a voyage to India via the ocean	130
3678182093	Christopher Columbus	Explorer who completed 4 voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and "found" the Americas	131
3678182094	Kongo	African kingdom in west central Africa.	132
3678182738	Christian Etiopia	Christianity came to Etheopia and stayed for a very long time.	133
3678182739	Atahualpa	Last Inca emperor before Spanish takeover. Executed by the Spanish.	134
3678182740	Papacy	Central government of Latin Christianity.	135
3678184491	Indulgence	A paid pardon that allegedly allowed one to get to heaven faster	136
3678184492	Protestant Reformation	Movement started by Martin Luther that aimed to reform the Latin Church.	137
3678185186	Catholic Reformation	Reformation started by leaders of Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.	138
3678185187	Witch-hunt	Christians were very scared of witches and the supernatural, and hunted down and killed people whom they thought were witches.	139
3678185188	Scientific Revolution	A shift in the way people viewed the world, from a religious standpoint to a scientific one.	140
3678186081	Enlightenment	The belief that reason could determine the laws that governed human nature just as it did with science.	141
3678205738	Bourgeoisie	The French urban class that worked in manufacturing, finance, and trade.	142
3678205739	Joint-Stock Company	A company with charters from the French/English government that sold shares .	143
3678205740	Stock Exchgange	A place where people could buy shares of joint-stock companies.	144
3678226658	Little Ice Age	A period in Europe starting in 1590 that had lower temperatures all around.	145
3678226659	Deforestation	Europe needed fuel for metalworking so they cut down trees. This happened at a really fast rate, leading to many forests being reduced in size greatly.	146
3678227675	Hapsburg	A powerful family in Austria.	147
3678227676	English Civil War	War that started when King Charles did not want to grant Parliament the rights it traditionally had.	148
3678227677	Versailles	Home of Louis XIV's new palace that symbolized his triumph over government' traditional rights.	149
3678228542	Balance of Power	Alliances made by European states so that one state did not get too much power.	150
3678228543	Columbian Exchange	Transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds.	151
3678229436	Council of the Indies	Council in Spain that ran all activities in Spanish colonies.	152
3678229437	Bartolome de Las Casas	Spanish priest that defended the Amerindian people.	153
3678231095	Potosi	Location of the richest silver deposit in the Americas.	154
3678231096	Encomienda	System of forced labor in which Amerindians had to provide Spanish with various products.	155
3678231097	Creoles	Whites born in America to European parents.	156
3678231098	Mestizo	People of mixed European and Amerindian descent.	157
3678231989	Mulatto	People of mixed European and African descent.	158
3678231990	Indentured Servants	Free people who entered into contracts with people in order to pay for their journey across the Atlantic.	159
3678232518	House of Burgesses	Representatives of towns in Virginia that met to govern the colony.	160
3678233082	Pilgrims	First settlers to New England. They wanted to break away from the Church of England.	161
3678233083	Puritans	Second settlers to New England. They wanted to purify the Church of England.	162
3678234096	Iroquois Confederacy	Alliance among various native tribes. Made trade alliance with the Dutch.	163
3678234097	New France	Colony at Quebec. It had access to Amerindian trade routes.	164
3678234648	Coureurs de bois	Young Frenchmen who lived with Native tribes in order to learn their language to assist with trade.	165
3678240630	Tupac Amaru II	Peruvian Amerindian who started an Amerindian uprising. He was well known and connected in the Spanish colonial society.	166