AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

4966088567	Iran	Land of the Aryans	0
4966088568	Iran links	Western Asia with southern and Central Asia	1
4966088569	Sixth century B.C.E	Persians (southwest) created largest empire	2
4966088570	Mesopotamian culture	Introduced Iranian elements and developed new forms of political and economic organization	3
4966088571	Little written material within Persian empire...	Forced to view it through the Greek's eyes	4
4966088572	Greeks were	Ignorant, hostile and interested mostly in events that affected themselves (leaving us less informed about Persian empire)	5
4966088573	Iran is surrounded by	Zargos, Afghanistan and Caucasus Mountains, Caspian sea and the Baluchistan desert	6
4966088574	Northeast was less protected by natural borders causing	Open attacks by nomads from Central Asia to Iran	7
4966088575	Fundamental features of Iran	-high mountains -salt deserts -mountain streams draining into salt lakes and marshes	8
4966088576	Iran NEVER had	A dense population	9
4966088577	Best watered and most populous parts of Iran were	In the north and the west	10
4966088578	Great Salt Desert and Baluchistan are	INHOSPITABLE	11
4966088579	First millenium B.C.E	Irrigation enabled people to move down from mountain valleys to plains to cultivate	12
4966088580	Prevent evaporation of water in hot,dry climate	Underground irrigation channels (vertical shifts)	13
4966088590	Iran's mineral resources	Copper,tin,iron,gold an silver were exploited on limited scale	14
4966088581	Human survival depended on	Ecological balance, and buildup of salt in soil or falling water	15
4966088582	Mountain slopes provided	Fuel and materials for building and crafts	16
4966088583	Referenced as "Iranians" since	Spoke related languages and shared cultural features	17
4966088584	Medes	First to achieve complex level of political organization	18
4966088585	Medes settled in	Northwest and under influence of centers in Mesopotamia and Urartu	19
4966088586	Medes played role in	Destruction of Assyrian Empire in 17 century	20
4966088587	Median kings extended control	Across Assyria into Anatolia and southeast toward Persian gulf	21
4966088588	Southeast of Persian Gulf	Region of Persians	22
4966088589	Persian rulers	Called Achaemenids because are traced to lineage back to Achaemenes	23
4966144340	Achaemenes	Cemented relationship with Median court through marriage	24
4966144341	Cyrus	Son of Persian chieftain and Median Princess	25
4966144342	Cyrus united	Persian tribes and overthrew Median monarch 550 B.C.E	26
4966144343	Cyrus victory caused	Medes and Persians in position of responsibility and retained framework of Median rule	27
4966144344	Early habitants of WESTERN IRAN had a	Patriarchal family organization: male head of house and authority over family	28
4966527229	Society divided into 3 social and occupational clases	1. Warriors 2. Priests 3. Peasants	29
4966527230	Landowning Aristocracy	Took pleasure in hunting, fighting and gardening	30
4966527231	King was most	Illustrious member of group	31
4966527232	Priests or Magi	Ritual specialists who supervised proper performance of sacrifices	32
4966527233	Peasants	Common people; village-based farmers and shepherds	33
4966527234	Cyrus redrew	Map of western Asia	34
4966527235	546 B.C.E.	Cyrus Defeated Lydia, ALL of Anatolia (grey city-states too)	35
4966527236	539 B.C.E.	Cyrus overthrew Neo-Babylon dynasty	36
4966527237	Cyrus showed respect to	Babylonian priesthood and native traditions	37
4966527238	530 B.C.E	Cyrus dies while campaigning against Nomadic Iranians in northeast	38
4966527239	Son, Cambyses	Set on Egypt	39
4966527240	After Persians battles..	Sent exploratory expeditions to Nubia and Lybia	40
4966527241	(Greek Sources) Cambyses was	Cruel and impious madman but documents from	41
4966527242	(Egyptian Sources) Cambyses was	Just like father, cultivating local priests and notables and respecting native traditions	42
4966527243	522 B.C.E	Cambyses dies, Darius I takes over.	43
4966527244	Darius I	Extended Persian control to Indus Valley into Europe, he bridged Danube River and chased Scythian away (made largest empire)	44
4966527245	Persians made	Forts in Thrace by 500 B.C.E were at Greece	45
4966527246	Darius promoted	Development of maritime routes(told fleet to explore waters from Indus Delta to Red Sea)	46
4966527247	Darius completed	Canal linking Red Sea and Nile	47
4966527248	Darius divided empire into	20 provinces each under supervision of Persian SATRAP	48
4966527249	Satrap	Governor, related or connected by marriage to royal familt	49
4966527250	Satrap's courts	Mini version of royal court	50
4966527253	Position of satrap became hereditary meaning	Satraps' fam lived in province governed by their head	51
4966527251	Head acquired	Knowledge about local conditions and formed connections with local elite	52
4966527252	Farther the province from center of empire	More autonomy satrap had since slow communications	53
4966667420	Satrap important duties	Collect nd send tribute to king	54
4966667421	Darius prescribed	How much metal each province was to send annually (some for necessary expenditures, others hoarded)	55
4966667422	Metal taken out of circulation	Price of gold and silver rise and provinces find it hard to meet quotas (Babylonian sources)	56
4966667423	Economic downturn caused by	Increasing burden of taxation and corruption	57
4966667424	Provinces connected to empire by	Maintained and patrolled royal roads	58
4966667425	Stations built to	Receive important travelers and couriers carrying official correspondence	59
4966667426	Military garrisons	controlled strategic points like mountain passes, river crossings	60
4966667427	King had	Lots of children and wives	61
4966667428	Women of royal family	Could become pawns in struggle for power (Darius married two daughters and one granddaughter)	62
4966667429	Persian queens were (greek sources)	Vicious intrigues, poisoning rival wives and plotting to win thrones of their sons	63
4966667430	Persian women ACTUALLY	Protect. Fam and mediate conflicts	64
4966667431	Persian elite women were (greek sources)	Politically influential, possessed substantial property, traveled and prominent on public occasions	65
4966667432	King and court moved with seasons	Living in great tents on road and in palaces in capitals of Mesopotamia and Iran	66
4966673716	Kings entourage included	1. Son of persian aristocrats (educated in court and hostages to parents. 2.noblemen (attend king when not engaged) 3.central administration (officials, employees of treasury etc) 4.royal bodyguard 5.courtiers and slaves 6.royal fam	67
4966698751	King became	Figure of majesty and splendor	68
4966702341	King referred to everyone as	"My slaves" and none that approached him must bow down to him	69
4966708322	King owned	Huge tracts of land. He donated to supporters and some were called 'bow land", "horse land" and "chariot land" obliged recipient to provide military servicd\e	70
4966732470	Paradayadam,paradise	Land advertised prosperity that king could bring to those who loyally serve him	71
4966748771	Government officials distributed	Food and other commodities to large # of workers	72
4966758122	Workers divided	into groups of men,women and children	73
4966761980	Women recieved less then men of status BUT	Pregnant women and women with babes recieved MORE support	74
4966776794	Administrative center	Sus, capital of Elam	75
4966781185	At Susa	Requests and messages for the king	76
4966788766	Persepolis (Darius approach of governing seen everywhere)	Ceremonial capital built by Darius; artificial platform was erected and was built palaces, audience halls, treasury building and barracks	77
4966801246	Darius and son, Xerxes	Completed project inspired by Mesopotamian traditions (assyrian kings did to show off wealth and power)	78
4966832981	Representative of people of empire recognized by	Hair, beards, dress, hats and footwear	79
4966840428	What took place at Persepolis?	Events of special significance for king and people: New Years, coronation, marriage, death and burial	80
4966852617	Kings from Darius on were burning in tombs cut into cliff at	Naqsh-i-Rustam	81
4966861160	Behind Darius and empire stands	Will of god	82
4966866484	Ahurmazda made Darius king	Giving him mandate to bring order to world and ensure all people treated fair	83
4966873597	Zoroastrianism	Ahora Mazda is great god of religion and Darius might've practiced this	84
4966883606	Gathas	Hymns in archaic Iranian dialect, work of Zoroaster who lived in eastern Iran	85
4966893597	The Zoroaster revealed that	World had been created by Ahuramazda "wise lord" But OG state of perfection and unity had been damaged by attacks of Angra Mainyu "hostile spirt" back by demons	86
4966910059	Humanity is participant in comic struggle	Individuals rewarded or punished in afterlife for actions during life	87
4966918778	Darius used Zorastrianism in political ideology	Bring everyone under a regime of justice and restore perfection of creation	88
4966927179	Persians were sensitive to	Beauties of nature and beneficent elements	89
4966930588	Corpses were	Exposed to wild beasts and the elements to prevent from putrefying in earth or tainting sanctity of fire	90
4966951430	Persians kept promises and	Told the truth	91
4966954615	Darius called evildoers	The Lie	92
4966957686	Zoroastrianism	Preached belief in one supreme deity, held humans to high ethical standard and promised salvation	93
4966964542	Zoroastrianism	Influenced Judaism and indirectly Christianity	94
4966972001	God/Devil Heaven/Hell Reward/Punishment Messiah/End of time	Legacies from Zoroastrianism	95
4966980666	Zoroastrianism disappears after	Fall of Achaemenid Persian Empire	96
4966993799	Cultural developments only possible since	Greeks had access to raw materials and markets abroad	97
4966998078	Greek merchants, mercenaries and travelers	Were in contact with others and brought home foreighn goods and ideas	98
4967008291	Greek civilization arose in	Lands bordering Aegean Sea (greek mainland, Aegean islands and western coast of Anatolia)	99
4967014280	Southern greece is	Dry and rocky with small plains	100
4967021046	Greece to Anatolia	Sea was not a barrier but connector since it was long distance apart	101
4967027007	Western edge of Anatolia had	Broad and fertile river valleys, made comfortable place	102
4967033761	Greek farmers depended on	Rainfall to water crops	103
4967037039	Not sustain population	Limited arable land, thin topsoil and sparse rainfall (SOUTH)	104
4967042944	Northern Greece	More rain and land, lots of cattle and horses. Few metal and timber but building stone, marble and clay plenty	105
4967053241	Greek mainland	Natural harbors; difficulty of overland transport, availability of good anchorages and importation of metals, timber and grain drew Greeks to sea	106
4967065009	Where resources?	Timber-northern Aegean Gold and iron-Anatolia Copper-cyrus Tin-western mediterranean Grain-black sea,egypt and sicily	107
4967075229	Dark Age	Depopulation, poverty and isolation	108
4967082459	Chief source of Mycenaean prosperity	Raw materials, metals	109
4967087384	Land given to after less people to feed	Animals to graze	110
4967092032	Isolation of greece ended 800 B.C.E.	When Phoenicians ships visited Aegean, inaugurating Archaic period of Greek History	111
4967105563	More and new ideas	Depiction of human and animal figures and mythical beasts on pottery	112
4967109942	Writing system from phoenicians	Used 22 symbols to represent consonants leaving vowels for inference	113
4967116183	Greek vowels represented by	Using some Phoenician symbols that had no equivalent sounds in Greek	114
4967122351	Greek was	First true alphabet, system of writing that fully represented sounds of spoken language	115
4967129973	Cgreeks used alphabetic writing first for	Economic purposes to keep inventory of merchant wares	116
4967134874	Greece remained	Oral culture: people used storytelling, rituals and performances to preserve and transmit info	117
4967138473	Early Archaic period	Explosion of population because of use of land as farming replaced headings and fam began to work	118
4967146994	Shift of diet	Based on bread and vegetables rather than meat increased fertility and life span	119
4967155380	Polis (citystate)	Urban center and rural territory it controlled	120
4967162579	Acropolis (base of fortified high point, top of city)	Offered refuge in an emergency	121
4967170148	Agora (gathering place) walls built around it	Open area citizens came together to ratify decisions of leaders or assemble weapons before military ventures	122
4967183010	Urban center depended on	Agricultural hinterland to provide food and people living within walls of city worked on close farms	123
4967194379	Each polis was	Jealous of independence and suspicious of ties neighbors leading to conflict	124
4967197479	Greeks developed new kind of warfare	Waged by Hoplites	125
4967201272	Hoplites	Armored infantrymen who fought in close formation, protected by helmet, breastplate and leg guards	126
4967212853	Key to victory was	Maintains formation while breaking enemies line	127
4967218639	Greek states defended by armies of	PRIVATE citizens (farmers) no special training needed	128
4967224468	Campaigns took place	When farmers were available	129
4967233349	Expanding population surpassed capacity of small plains	Many communities sent excess population to establish independent colonies	130
4967236845	People saw this as	1. Lot and forbidden path to death 2. Opportunity to escape poverty 3.avoid fam constraints 4.find adventure 5.sought fortunes at frontier	131
4967251110	After approval from Apollo from Delphi	Colonists departed, carrrying fire from hearth of mother city (symbol of kinship and religious ties that connects two communities)	132
4967260673	Hellenes	Greeks distinguished themselves from barnaroi	133
4967272301	Developments of differnt practices first appeared after colonial world traveled back home	Urban planning, new forms of political organization and new intellectual currents	134
4967274671	Coinage invented in Lydia	Early sixth century B.C.E.	135
4967280280	Coin was a	Piece of metal whose weight and purity and value guarantee by state	136
4967285597	Silver, gold and bronze	Attractive choices for medium of exchange (rare to be valuable, lightweight and portable, indestructible and peranent)	137
4967291148	Coinage allowed	-Rapid exchange of goods and effiecnt record keeping and storage of wealth -stimulated trade and increase wealth of society	138
4967303268	reducing surplus population	Colonization helped relieve pressures within Archaic Greek communities	139
4967312775	Kings ruled Dark Ages (sources Homer's Iliad and Odyssey)	But council composed of heads of noble fam superseded kings	140
4967329765	Tyrant	Person who seized and held power in violation of normal political traditions of community gained control	141
4967335890	Greek tyrants	Disgruntled and ambitious of aristocracy who were backed by middle class	142
4967342465	Tyrants were	Unwitting catalysts in evolving political process and somepassed positions to sons but eventually rejected	143
4967346657	Oligarchy	Exercise of political privilege by wealthy members of society	144
4967353309	Democracy	Exercise of political power by all free adult MALE	145
4967361138	Ancestors of Greek brought	Sky-gods with them and entered Greece	146
4967365765	Male gods predominated but	Female deities had important roles	147
4967372446	Homeric gods wee anthropomorphic	Conceived as human like appearance and in displays of emotion but are immortal	148
4967379577	Worship of gods	Expression of civic identity	149
4967381315	Sacrifice	Central ritual of Greek religion, performed at altars in front of temples that Greeks built to be Gods places of residence	150
4967389701	Greeks gave gods gifts	In hope that the gods would favor and protect them	151
4967395895	Group of people would kill one or more animals Spray altar with victims blood, burn parts of body	so roma would ascend gods on high and enjoy feast of meat	152
4967402955	Geeks sought for	Advice or predictions of future from oracles	153
4967404823	Oracles	Sacred sites where they believed gods communicated with humans	154
4967409524	Oracle of Apollo at Delphi in central Greece	Most prestigious	155
4967411693	Popular woship	Fertility cult, members worshipped and sought to enhance productive forces in nature	156
4967418648	Lyric poetry	Short verses in which subject matter is intensely personal drawn from experience of poet and expressing his or her feelings	157
4967422826	Archilochus	Soldier and poet	158
4967430072	Xenophanes	Called into question the kind of gods that Homer popularized	159
4967436238	Early philosophers concerned	with how world was crated, made of and why changes occur	160
4967439257	Logographers (first to write in prose)	Writers of prose accounts, took advantage of infine capacity of writing to store info, gather data on topics, ethnography, geography of unfamiliar lands, foundation stories of cities and origins of fam	161
4967450073	Prose	Language of everyday speech	162
4967452538	Historia	Term for method used to collect, sort and select information	163
4967456148	Herodotus	Published his Histories; filled with geographic and ethnographic reports, legends and marvels dear to logographers	164
4967477053	Two preeminent city-states	Athens and Sparta	165