AP World History Period 4 Part 1 Flashcards

6725318245	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer (1497-1498) led first naval expedition from Europe to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	0
6725321138	Christopher Columbus	Genoese mariner in service of Spain led expeditions across Atlantic, reestablishing contact between peoples of Americas and Old World, opening way to Spanish conquest/colonization.	1
6725324148	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator led Spanish expedition (1519-1522) first to sail around the world.	2
6725327656	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies obtained government monopolies of trade to India/Asia; acted independently in their regions	3
6725329468	World economy	Created by Europeans during late 16c based on control of seas; established international exchange of food, diseases, manufactured products	4
6725331753	Columbian Exchange	Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between Americas and rest of world following Columbus's voyages	5
6725335518	Core nations	Nations, usually European, profited from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials	6
6725337087	Mercantilism	Colonial economic policy, colonizing nation must import only from its own colonies, but sell exports as widely as possible	7
6725339591	Dependent economic zones	regions within world economy produced raw materials; dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor	8
6725341673	Mestizos	people of mixed European/Native American heritage	9
6725344597	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer; arrived in the Americas in 1502; successfully attacked the Inca Empire	10
6725349975	New France	French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system	11
6725349976	Atlantic colonies	British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia	12
6725371604	Treaty of Paris	concluded in 1763 following the Seven Years' War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India	13
6725395281	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from Asia; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans	14
6725402716	Boers	Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th century British occupation; later called Afrikaners	15
6725434575	Calcutta	British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal	16
6725437269	Seven Years' War	fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia (also the Americas during the French and Indian War) between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war	17
6725446399	Italian Renaissance	14th and 15th century movement influencing political forms, literature, and the arts; consisted largely of a revival of classical culture	18
6725448318	Niccolo Machiavelli	author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power	19
6725452185	Humanism	philosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor	20
6725455362	Northern Renaissance	cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion that the Italian Renaissance	21
6725459004	Johannes Gutenberg	- introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials	22
6725464412	European-style family	emerged in the 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family	23
6725467486	Martin Luther	German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority	24
6725471720	Protestantism	general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517	25
6725475605	Anglican church	form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII	26
6725478172	Jean Calvin	French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run encouraged wide public education and access to government	27
6725484387	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine	28
6725486582	Jesuits	Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe	29
6725492869	Edict of Nantes	1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after length civil wars between Catholics and Protestants	30
6725496230	Thirty Years War	1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction	31
6725498797	Treaty of Westphalia	ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence	32
6725504408	English Civil War	1640-1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy	33
6725508670	Proletariat	class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries	34
6725512294	Witchcraft persecution	outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women	35