AP World History Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

4954598542	Polis	City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE	0
4954598543	Socrates	Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	1
4954598544	Plato	Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature	2
4954598545	Aristotle	384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	3
4954598546	Sophocles	494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex	4
4954598547	Iliad and Odyssey	Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths	5
4954598548	Pythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today	6
4954598549	Galen	Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices	7
4954598550	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time	8
4954598551	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth	9
4954598552	Sappho	One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love	10
4954598553	Battle of Marathon	490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades	11
4954598554	King Xerxes	486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea	12
4954598555	Themistocles	Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army	13
4954598556	Battle of Thermopylae	480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion	14
4954598557	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War	15
4954598558	Peloponnesian Wars	431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece	16
4954598559	Cyrus the Great	By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire	17
4954598560	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire	18
4954598561	Philip II of Macedon	Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	19
4954598562	Alexander the Great	Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture	20
4954598563	Hellenistic Period	Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	21
4954598564	Alexandria, Egypt	Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies	22
4954598565	Julius Caesar	Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	23
4954598566	Diocletian	284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection	24
4954598567	Constantine	312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire	25
4954598568	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	26
4954598569	Roman Republic	510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies	27
4954598570	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution	28
4954598571	Consuls	2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	29
4954598572	Twelve Tables	450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic	30
4954598573	Carthage	Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars	31
4954598574	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts	32
4954598575	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama	33
4954598576	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor	34
4954598577	Vergil	One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid	35
4954598578	Olympic games	Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	36
4954598579	Tyranny	Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler	37
4954598580	Aristocracy	Form of government where the rich rule over everyone	38
4954598581	Direct democracy	People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives	39
4954598582	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery	40
4954598583	Doric		41
4954598584	Ionic		42
4954598585	Corinthian		43
4954598586	Herodotus	Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"	44