AP Language and Composition Chapter 3 Flashcards

6119613571	Ad hominnem	Latin for "to the man, "this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you are you that I park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of this	0
6119613572	Ad populum ( bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
6119613573	Argument	The process of reasoned inquiry; a perspective discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	2
6119613574	Appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instants, is not a medical expert even though pharmaceutical advertisement often use celebrity endorsements.	3
6119613575	Assumptions/warrant	In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience	4
6119613576	Backing	In the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which assumption Lacks authority	5
6119613577	Begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "bags" a question whether the support itself is sound.	6
6119613578	Circular reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	7
6119613579	Claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, this states the argument's main idea or position. This differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	8
6119613580	Claim of fact	This is a search that something is true or not true	9
6119613581	Claim of policy	Proposes a change	10
6119613582	Classical oration	Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. Includes introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.	11
6119613583	Introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion	12
6119613584	Narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	13
6119613585	Confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually a major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case.	14
6119613586	Refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counter argument. It is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion.	15
6119613587	Conclusion (peroration)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	16
6119613588	Closed thesis	A closed the thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	17
6119613589	Deduction	A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). This process is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	18
6119613590	False dilemma (either/or)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents to extreme options as the only possible choices.	19
6119613591	Logical fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	20
6119613592	Faulty analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. Four instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people.	21
6119613593	First-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the rider knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	22
6119613594	Hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	23
6119613595	Induction	From the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	24
6119613596	Open thesis	One that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	25
6119613597	Post box ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is because just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation.	26
6119613598	Qualifier	In the model, the qualifier uses the words like usually, Probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	27
6119613599	Quantitative evidence	Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. Four instance statistics, surveys, polls, and census information.	28
6119613600	Rebuttal	In the model, this gives a voice to possible objections.	29
6119613601	Reservation	In the model, this explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	30
6119613602	Rogerian arguments	Developed by psychiatrist, Carl Rogers, These are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.	31
6119613603	Second hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. Includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	32
6119613604	Strawman	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea	33
6119613605	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion	34
6119613606	Toulmin model	And approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by a British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book. It can be stated as a template: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption) on account of (backing), unless (reservation).	35
6119613607	Claim of value	Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	36