Apes Flashcards

4747914400	Ionizing radiation	Particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with energy that can cause ionization through which it passes	0
4747914401	High quality energy	Organized and concentrated energy that can perform useful work	1
4747914402	Low quality energy	Disorganized, dispersed energy	2
4747914403	First law of thermodynamics	Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another	3
4747914404	Second law of thermodynamics	When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is turned into heat	4
4747914405	Natural radioactive decay	Unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles and beta particles	5
4747914406	Half life	The time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to decay	6
4747914407	Nuclear fission	Nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	7
4747914408	Nuclear fussion	Two isotopes of light elements forced together at high temperature until they fuse to form to form a heavier nucleus	8
4747914409	Ore	A rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	9
4747914410	Mineral reserve	Resources known to be economically feasible for extraction	10
4747914411	Best solutions to energy shortage	Conservation, increase efficiency, explore alternative energy options	11
4747914412	Surface mining	Cheaper and can remove more minerals, less dangerous for workers	12
4747914413	Humus	Organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	13
4747914414	Leaching	Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	14
4747914415	Eluviation	Deposit of leached material in lower soil layers	15
4747914416	Loam	Perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, soil, clay	16
4747914417	Solutions to soil erosion problems	Reducing volume and flow of runoff water, improving soil structure, and protecting the surface to increase its resistance to erosion	17
4747914418	Parts of the water cycle	Evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	18
4747914419	Aquifer	Any water bearing layer in the ground	19
4747914420	Salt water intrusion	Over pumping of groundwater causing salt water to move into the aquifer	20
4747914421	What happens during an El Niño	Upwelling decreases, disrupting food chains, increased rainfall, less hurricanes	21
4747914422	Nitrogen fixation	Atmospheric nitrogen converted into ammonia by bacteria	22
4747914423	Ammonification	Decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia	23
4747914424	Nitrification	Ammonia is converted into nitrate ions	24
4747914425	Assimilation	Inorganic nitrogen converted into organic molecules such as DNA, and proteins	25
4747914426	Denitrification	Bacteria convert nitrate and nitrite back into gas	26
4747914427	Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by	Runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage	27
4747914428	Photosynthesis	Plants convert atmospheric carbon into complex glucose	28
4747914429	Aerobic respiration	Oxygen consuming producers, consumers and decomposers break down complex organic compounds and convert carbon back into carbon dioxide	29
4747914430	Largest reservoirs of carbon	Carbonate rocks and oceans	30
4747914431	Biotic/abiotic	Living and nonliving components of an ecosystem	31
4747914432	Producer/autotroph	Photosynthetic or chemosynthetic life	32
4747914433	Major trophic levels	Primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and primary producers	33
4747914434	Energy flow in food webs	Predators expand energy to catch prey	34
4747914435	Why is only 10% transferred	Usable energy is lost as heat	35
4747914436	Primary succesion	Development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life or those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed	36
4747914437	Secondary succesion	Life progress where the soil remains	37
4747914438	Mutualism	Symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit	38
4747914439	Commensalism	Symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits and the other is unaffected	39
4747914440	Parasitism	Relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the other's expense	40
4747914441	Niche	A shallow recess	41
4747914442	Biome	Large distance terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants, and animals	42
4747914443	Carrying capacity	The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area	43
4747914444	R- strategist	Reproduce early in life	44
4747914445	K- strategist	Reproduce late in life	45
4747914446	Natural selection	The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and produce more offspring	46
4747914447	Thomas malthus	Said human population cannot continue to increase exponentially, there will be war famine and disease	47
4747914448	Rule of 70	70 divided by growth rate of variable	48
4747914449	Replacement level fertility	The number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves	49
4747914450	World population size	7.4 billion	50
4747914451	Preindustrial stage	Birth and death rates high, population grows slowly	51
4747914452	Transitional stage	Death rates drop, birth rates still high, population grows quickly	52
4747914453	Industrial stage	Low death rates, declining birth rates, declining population growth	53
4747914454	Postindustrial stage	Low birth and death rates, population growth low	54
4747914455	Age structure diagrams	Broad base=rapid growth, narrow base=negative growth, uniform shape=zero growth	55
4747914456	Baby boomers	A person born in the years of world war 2, when there's was an increase in birth rate	56
4747914457	1st and 2nd most populous countries	China, india	57
4747914458	Most important thing affecting population growth	Status of women in society	58
4747914459	How China enforced its one-child policy	Was enforced in 1980 to curb runaway population growth	59
4747914460	Ways to decrease birth rate	Family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties	60
4747914461	Percent water on earth by type	97.5% saltwater 2.5% fresh water (only 1% usable)	61
4747914462	Point vs. no point sources	Point sources can be easily identified, non point are difficult to pinpoint	62
4747914463	Biological oxygen demand(BOD)	Amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials	63
4747914464	Eutrophication	Rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates and phosphates in water	64
4747914465	Primary air pollutants	CO, CO2, Sulfates, Sulfites, Nitrates, Nitrites, hydrocarbons, and particulates	65
4747914466	Secondary air pollutants	Ozone, oxygen, acid rain	66
4747914467	Particulate matter (source-effect-reduction)	Burning fossil fuels-reduces visibility and respiratory problems- filtering, alternate energy	67
4747914468	Allelopathy	The chemical inhibition of one plant by another	68
4747914469	Nitrogen oxides as pollution	Fossil combustion processes, forms other air pollutants	69
4747914470	Ozone layer	Layer in earths stratosphere at an altitude of about 6.2 miles containing a high concentration of ozone	70
4747914471	Photochemical smog	Formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight	71
4747914472	Acid deposition	Caused by sulfuric and nitric acids, resulting in lower pH of surface water	72
4747914473	Greenhouse gases	Trap outgoing infrared energy, causing earth to warm	73
4747914474	Effect of global warming	Rising sea levels, extreme weather, drought, famine, extinction	74
4747914475	Ozone depletion is caused by	Chlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere.	75
4747914476	Effects of ozone depletion	Increased UV,skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth	76
4747914477	Municipal solid waste	Waste type consisting of everyday items that are thrown away by the public	77
4747914478	Sanitary landfill problems and solutions	Methane gas- collect gas and use as fuel Garbage- compact and reduce	78
4747914479	Waste incineration advantages	Volume of waste reduced by 90% and waste heat can be used	79
4747914480	Waste incineration disadvantages	Toxic emissions	80
4747914481	Keystone species	Species whose role In an ecosystem are more important than others	81
4747914482	Indicator species	Species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged	82
4747914483	Advantages of pesticides	Saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increases food supply, and increases farmer profit margin	83
4747914484	Disadvantages of pesticides	Genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification	84
4747914485	Biological pest control	Method of controlling pests and diseases in agriculture that relies on natural predation rather then introduces chemicals	85
4747914486	Explanation of how electricity is generated by a heat source	Using steam from water to turn a turbine	86
4747914487	How petroleum forms	Microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons	87
4747914488	Pros of petroleum	Relatively cheap, easily transported, high quality energy	88
4747914489	Cons of petroleum	Reserves will be depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining	89
4747914490	Types of coal	Peat, lignite, subituminous, bituminous, anthracite	90
4747914491	Major parts of a nuclear reactor	Core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building	91
4747914492	Two most serious nuclear accidents	Chernobyl, Ukraine (1986) and Three Mile Island PA (1979)	92
4747914493	Alternate energy sources	Wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells	93
4747914494	LD50	The dosage of a chemical needed to kill 50% of organisms in a test population	94
4747914495	Mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen	Cause hereditary changes through mutations, cause fetus deformities and cancer	95
4747914496	Multiple use US public land	Forest and recourse land, logging, mining, livestock, farming, etc.	96
4747914497	Moderately restricted use land	Wildlife refuges, allows hunting, mining, logging, and grazing	97
4747914498	Restricted use lands	National parks, allows only camping, hiking, and fishing	98
4747914499	Volcanoes' contribution to the greenhouse effect	Emit around 300 million tonnes of CO2 per year	99