Terminology for AP Language and Compostition Flashcards

6657559937	alliteration	the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
6657559938	allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
6657559939	analogy	an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
6657559940	anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
6657559941	anecdote	a short amount of an interesting event	4
6657559942	annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	5
6657559943	antecedent	the noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
6657559944	anastrophe	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
6657559945	antithesis	parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
6657559946	aphorism	a short, astute statement of a general truth	9
6657559947	appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
6657559948	archaic diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
6657559949	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
6657559950	antaclasis	repetition of a word or phrase whose meaning changes in the second instance	13
6657559951	assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration. an assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument	14
6657559952	assonance	the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.	15
6657559953	asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
6657559954	attitude	the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
6657559955	audience	one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
6657559956	authority	a reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge	19
6657559957	bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
6657559958	cite	identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
6657559959	claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
6657559960	close reading	a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
6657559961	colloquial/ism	an informal or conversational use of language	24
6657559962	common ground	shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
6657559963	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
6657559964	concession	a reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	27
6657559965	connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
6657559966	context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
6657559967	coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
6657559968	counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
6657559969	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	32
6657559970	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	33
6657559971	deduction	reasoning from general to specific	34
6657559972	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	35
6657559973	diction	word choice	36
6657559974	documentation	bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	37
6657559975	elipsis	deliberate omission of a word/words that are readily implied by the context.	38
6657559976	epistrophe	repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive phrases.	39
6657559977	ethos	a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	40
6657559978	figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	41
6657559979	figure of speech	an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	42
6657559980	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	43
6657559981	imagery	vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	44
6657559982	imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	45
6657559983	induction	reasoning from specific to general	46
6657559984	isocolon	a scheme of parallel structure that occurs when the parallel elements are similar in grammatical structure and length.	47
6657559985	irony	a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	48
6657559986	juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
6657559987	logos	a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	50
6657559988	metaphor	a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	51
6657559989	metonymy	use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
6657559990	occasion	an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	53
6657559991	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two contradictory but is actually true	54
6657559992	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	55
6657559993	parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	56
6657559994	parody	a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or riducle	57
6657559995	pathos	a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	58
6657559996	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a ice of writing	59
6657559997	personification	assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	60
6657559998	polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	61
6657559999	polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	62
6657560000	polyptoton	repetition of words derived from the same root.	63
6657560001	major premise	all mammals are warm-blooded	64
6657560002	minor premise	all horses are mammals	65
6657560003	conclusion	all horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism)	66
6657560004	propaganda	a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	67
6657560005	purpose	one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	68
6657560006	refute	to discredit and argument, particularly a counterargument	69
6657560007	rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	70
6657560008	rhetorical modes	patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	71
6657560009	rhetorical question	a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon and answer	72
6657560010	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	73
6657560011	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	74
6657560012	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	75
6657560013	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	76
6657560014	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	77
6657560015	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	78
6657560016	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	79
6657560017	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	80
6657560018	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	81
6657560019	synecdoche	figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole.	82
6657560020	style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	83
6657560021	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	84
6657560022	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	85
6657560023	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	86
6657560024	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	87
6657560025	syntax	sentence structure	88
6657560026	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	89
6657560027	thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	90
6657560028	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	91
6657560029	tone	the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	92
6657560030	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	93
6657560031	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	94
6657560032	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	95
6657560033	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	96
6657560034	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	97
6657641263	litotes	deliberate understatement	98
6657645268	epanalepsis	repetition of the same word or words at both the beginning and ending of a phrase, clause, or sentence. (ashes to ashes)	99
6657653355	anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	100
6657657400	climax	arrangement of words phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance.	101
6657661244	antimetabole	repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order	102
6657664921	chiasmus	reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses	103
6657676093	onomatopoeia	use of words whose sound echoes the sense	104
6657703067	allegory	the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	105
6657717728	atmosphere	the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and by the author's choice of objects that are described.	106
6657727709	caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort for comic effect or ridicule; a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics	107
6657731989	clause	a grammatical unit both a subject and a verb	108
6657738862	colloquialism	the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	109
6657740521	conceit	a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	110
6658124824	euphemism	a less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept (earthly remains vs. dead body)	111
6658128332	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	112
6658136867	homily	a serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral/spiritual advice	113
6658139846	inference	to make a reasonable conclusion from the information provided	114
6658143360	invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong abusive language	115
6658146918	mood	the prevailing atmosphere/emotional aura of a work. Setting tone and events affect mood	116
6658151858	narrative	a story or account told by a narrator	117
6658152774	pathos	persuasive appeal based on emotion	118
6658159154	pedantic	an adjective that describes words,phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly or bookish.	119
6658161936	prose	refers to fiction and non-fiction in all its forms	120
6658243307	first person narrator	"I saw a cat"	121
6658244128	third person	"she saw a cat"	122
6658248735	third person omniscient	narrator has a godlike knowledge	123
6658250035	third person limited omniscient	narrator presents the feelings/thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	124
6658254129	sarcasm	bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt/ridicule something	125
6658255449	semantics	the study of words, their development, connotations, and relations to one another	126