APES Flashcards

4099906488	Tragedy of the commons	The tragedy of the commons is an economic theory of a situation within a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently and rationally according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting that resource.	0
4099906489	Emissions trading	is a government-mandated, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.	1
4099906490	Cost-benefit analysis	estimates and totals up the equivalent money value of the benefits and costs to the community of projects to establish whether they are worthwhile.	2
4099906491	Positive externalaties	a benefit that is enjoyed by a third-party as a result of an economic transaction.	3
4099906492	Negative externalaties	A negative externality is a cost that is suffered by a third party as a result of an economic transaction	4
4099906493	World bank	The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs	5
4099906494	Marginal cost	the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.	6
4099906495	Global economics	global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international	7
4099906496	World health organization	The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health of the U.S	8
4099906497	Anthropocentric	A worldview that focuses on human welfare and well being	9
4099906498	Stewardship	Stewardship is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources.	10
4099906499	Natural capital	Natural Capital can be defined as the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things.	11
4099906500	Human capital	is the stock of knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value.	12
4099906501	GPI	Genuine progress indicator, or GPI, is a metric that has been suggested to replace, or supplement, gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic growth.	13
4099906502	GDP	Gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.	14
4099906503	TFR	The number of children who would be born per woman	15
4099906504	Replacement level fertility rate	the total fertility rate—the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.	16
4099906505	Demographic transition	the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.	17
4099906506	Age structure diagram	is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population	18
4099906507	Carrying capacity	a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain	19
4099906508	Biotic potential	Maximum rate a population can grow	20
4099906509	Thomas malthus	Matetician who published his theories on population growth and unlimited resources	21
4099906510	Survivorship curve	Graph showing the porportion of individuals surving in each age group	22
4099906511	Rule of 70	a useful rule of thumb for quickly calculating the doubling time for something	23
4099906512	S curves	Used to describe a pattered growth	24
4099906513	J curve	Graph showing a populations growth	25
4099906514	CBR	the number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year	26
4099906515	CDR	the total number of deaths per year per 1,000 people	27
4099906516	Affluence	the state of having a great deal of money; wealth.	28
4099906517	Family planning	the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births,	29
4099906518	IPAT equation	Equation that estimates imapact of human life styles	30
4099906519	Municipal solid waste	Refuse collected by people	31
4099906520	Waste stream	Flow of solid waste	32
4099906521	E-waste	Electonic devices thrown away	33
4099906522	Composting	Cration of organic matter	34
4099906523	Leachate	Liquid that contains a high level pf pollutants	35
4099906524	Sanitary landfill	An engineered ground facility to hold waste	36
4099906525	Incineration	Process of buring waste	37
4099906526	Bottom ash	Residue at the bottom of a combustion chamber	38
4099906527	Hazerdous waste	Waste with all toxic chemicals	39
4099906528	CERCLA	Act that imposes taxes on chemical and petroleum clean up	40
4099906529	Rock cycle	a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock.	41
4099906530	Igneous rock	is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.	42
4099906531	Intrusive igneous rock	igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface.	43
4099906532	Extrusive igneous rock	Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly	44
4099906533	Sedimentary rock	Rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind.	45
4099906534	Metamorphic rock	A metamorphic rock is a type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat and pressure.	46
4099906535	Astenosphere	The layer of the earth located in the outter part of the mantle	47
4099906536	Hot spot	Where molten material from earths mantle reaches the lithosphere	48
4099906537	Plate techtonics	Theory that the lithosphere of the earth is divided into plates	49
4099906538	Divergent plate boundary	Place where plates move away from eachother	50
4099906539	Seafloor spreading	Formation of new ocean crust	51
4099906540	Convergent plate boundaries	Where plates move towards eachother	52
4099906541	Transform boundary	Area where plates move sideways past each other.	53
4099906542	Integrated waste management	Approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction , management, and disposal stratagies	54
4201516412	Earthquake	sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.	55
4201516413	Epicenter	Exact point on the surface directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.	56
4201516414	Chemical weathering	The break down of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions.	57
4201516415	Acid precipitation	Precipitation in high sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur nitrogen oxides.	58
4201656293	Physical weathering	rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition. Over time, movements of the Earth and environment.	59
4201656294	Erosion	Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.	60
4201656295	Parent material	The rock material from which the inorganic components	61
4201699947	Soil degradation	The loss of some or all of a soils ability to support plant growth.	62
4201699948	Horizon	A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture an color.	63
4201699949	horizon O	The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition.	64
4201699950	Horizon A	Frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together .	65
4201739106	Horizon E	A zone of leaching	66
4201739107	Horizon B	A soil horizon composed of mineral material with very little organic matter.	67
4202943151	Horizon C	The least weathered soil horizon	68
4202943152	Transpiration	Release of water from leaves during photosynthesis	69
4202943153	Evapotranspiration	Combined amount of evaporation and transpiration	70
4202943154	Run off	Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers	71
4202943155	Nitrogen fixation	Process in which organisms covert nitrogen gas molecules into ammonia	72
4202943156	Nitrification	Conversion of ammonia into nitrite then into nitrate	73
4202943157	Assimilation	Process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues	74
4202943158	Ammonification	Fungal and bacterial decomposers break down organic nitrogen found in dead bodies.	75
4202943159	Denitrification	Conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas.	76
4202943160	Biosphere	Region of our planet where life resides and is a combination of all ecosystems	77
4202943161	Producer	Organism that uses energy of the sun to produce energy	78
4202943162	Heterotroph	Organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms.	79
4203058592	Detrivore	An organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues	80
4204897675	Decomposers	organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so,they carry out the natural process of decomposition.	81
4204897676	Aerobic respiration	process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen	82
4204897677	Anaerobic respiration	process of producing cellular energy without oxygen.	83
4204897678	Tropic levels	Level of organism consuming	84
4204897679	Food chains	Flow of energy from organisms	85
4204897680	GPP	the total amount of energy produced by vegetation	86
4204897681	Npp	Energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus	87
4204897682	Biomass	Total mass of all living matter in a area	88
4204897683	Ecological efficiency	The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one tropic level to another	89
4204897684	Trophic pyramid	A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among tropic levels	90
4205176172	Competitive exclusion principal	the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant.	91
4205176173	Resource portioning	When two species divide a resource based in differences in their behavior or morphology.	92
4205176174	Parasitism	An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism	93
4205176175	Mutualism	A relationship between 2 species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species	94
4205176176	Commensalism	A relationship between species in which one specie benefits and the other specie is neither harmed not helped	95
4205176177	Keystone species	A species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance might suggest	96
4205176178	Tundra	A cold and treeless biome with low growing vegetation	97
4205176179	Permafrost	An impermeable , permanently frozen layer of soil	98
4205176180	Boreal forest	A Forrest biome made up of primarily coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and show growing seasons	99
4205176181	Temperate rainforest	A costal biome typified by moderate temperature and high precipitation	100
4205176182	Temperate seasonal forest	A biome with warm summer and cold winters with over 1m of precipitation annually	101
4205176183	Woodland	A biome characterized by hot , dry summers and mild , rainy winters	102
4205176184	Temperate grassland	A biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers	103
4205289917	Tropical rainforest	A warm wet biome 20 degrees north 20 degrees south of the equator with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation	104
4205289918	Tropical seasonal forest	A biome marker by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons	105
4205289919	Subtropical desert	A biome prevailing at approximately 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south with hot temperatures , extremely dry conditions and sparse vegetation	106
4205289920	Species richness	The number of species in a area	107
4205289921	Species evenness	The relative proportion of individuals	108
4205289922	Evolution	A change in genetic composition of a population over time	109
4205289923	Gene	A physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism	110
4205289924	Mutation	A random change in the genetic code produced by mistake in the copying process	111
4205718006	Recombination	Process where one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another one during reproductive cell division	112
4205718007	Artificial selection	Process in which humans determine which individuals breed with a preconceived set of traits in mind	113
4205718008	Natural selection	When the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce	114
4205718009	Gene flow	When individuals move from one population to another altering genetic composition of both populations	115
4205718010	Genetic drift	A change in genetic composition of a population as a result of random mating	116
4205718011	Bottleneck effect	A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by reduction in its size	117
4205718012	Founder effect	A change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals	118
4205870327	Geographic isolation	Physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species	119
4205870328	Allopatric speciation	The process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation	120
4205870329	Reproductive isolation	The result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring	121
4205870330	Sympatric speciation	The evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation	122
4205870331	GMO	An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species	123
4205870332	Generalist species	A species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions	124
4205870333	Specialist species	A species that is specialized to live in a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species	125
4205870334	Population	The individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time	126
4205870335	Community	All of the populations of organisms with a given area	127
4205870336	Ecological succession	The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time	128
4205870337	Primary succession	Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil	129
4205870338	Secondary succession	The succession of plan life that occurs in areas that	130
4205870339	Pioneer species	A species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine	131
4205870340	Clear cutting	A method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area.	132
4205870341	Rangeland	A dry open grassland	133