AP World History - Chapter 11 Flashcards

5450217626	Abbasid caliphate	Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads.	0
5450217627	al-Andalus	Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C.E.	1
5450217628	Anatolia	Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and that now is the Republic of Turkey.	2
5450217629	Battle of Talas River	Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 C.E. that checked Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam.	3
5450217630	Bedouins	Nomadic Arabs.	4
5450217631	dhimmis	"Protected subjects" under Islamic rule, non-Muslims who were allowed to practice their faith as "people of the book" in return for their paying special taxes.	5
5450217632	al-Ghazali	Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought.	6
5450217633	hadiths	Traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rank second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law.	7
5450217634	hajj	The pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim who is able to make the journey; one of the Five Pillars of Islam.	8
5450217635	hijra	The "flight" of Muhammad and his original seventy followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 C.E.; the journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar.	9
5450217636	House of Wisdom	An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.	10
5450217637	Ibn Battuta	Fourteenth-century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world.	11
5450217638	Ibn Sina	One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna," the Latinized form of his name.	12
5450217639	imams	In Shia Islam, leaders with high religious authority; the twelve imams of early Shia Islam were Muhammad's nephew Ali and his descendants.	13
5450217640	jihad	Arabic for "struggle," this term describes both the spiritual striving of each Muslim toward a godly life and armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil.	14
5450217641	jizya	Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion.	15
5450217642	Kaaba	Great stone shrine in Mecca that was a major pilgrimage center for worshippers of many different deities before it was reconsecrated to monotheistic use by Muhammad.	16
5450217643	madrassas	Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century.	17
5450217644	Mecca	Key pilgrimage center in Arabia that became the birthplace of Islam.	18
5450217645	Mozarabs	"Would-be Arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain, referring to Christians who adopted much of Arabic culture and observed many Muslim practices without actually converting to Islam.	19
5450217646	Muhammad Ibn Abdullah	The Prophet of Islam (570-632 C.E.).	20
5450217647	Muslim	Literally, "one who submits"; the name was adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to God.	21
5450217648	Pillars of Islam	The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible).	22
5450217649	Marco Polo	The most famous European traveler of the Middle Ages (1254-1324), whose travel account of his time in China was widely popular in Europe.	23
5450217650	Rightly Guided Caliphs	The first four rulers of the Islamic world (632-661) after the death of Muhammad.	24
5450217651	Quran	Also transliterated as Qur'án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad.	25
5450217652	sharia	Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life.	26
5450217653	shaykhs	Sufi teachers who attracted a circle of disciples and often founded individual schools of Sufism.	27
5450217654	Sikhism	A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539).	28
5450217655	Sufis	Islamic mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints.	29
5450217656	Sultanate of Delhi	Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206.	30
5450217657	Timbuktu	Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries.	31
5450217658	ulama	Islamic religious scholars.	32
5450217659	Umayyad caliphate	Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 C.E.	33
5450217660	umma	The community of all believers in Islam.	34