AP Language: Argument Terms #1 Flashcards

8542943448	argument	A process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement to a conclusion.	0
8542943449	deduction	Deduction is a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principal or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise).	1
8542943450	induction	Induction is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	2
8542943451	claim	Also called and assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a subject or topic in that a claim has to be arguable.	3
8542943452	first-hand evidence	Evidence base on something the writer knows, whether it is first hand experience, observations, or general knowledge of events	4
8542943453	second-hand evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data	5
8542943454	assertion	A statement that presents a claim or thesis	6
8542943455	classical oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.	7
8542943456	concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	8
8542943457	conclusion (peroration)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close; it is the final part of the argument. It follows the refutation and typically appeals to pathos as it moves the audience toward the conclusion.	9
8542943458	claim of fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true.	10
8542943459	claim of value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	11
8542943460	claim of policy	A claim of policy proposes a change.	12
8542943461	narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	13
8542943462	confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually a major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. Comes between the narration and the refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker.	14
8542943463	refutation (refutatio)	It addresses the counterargument (concession). A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. It follows the confirmation and precedes the conclusion.	15
8542943464	introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the argument, in which the speaker announces the subject and purpose, and appeals to ethos in order to establish credibility.	16
8542943465	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	17