AP Psychology - THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

8885839625	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
8885839626	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
8885839627	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
8885839628	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
8885839629	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
8885839630	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
8885839632	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
8885839633	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	7
8885839634	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
8885839635	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	9
8885839636	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	10
8885839637	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	11
8885839638	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	12
8885839639	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
8885839640	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	14
8885839641	Framing	the way an issue is posed	15
8885839642	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	16
8885839643	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	17
8885839644	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	18
8885839645	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	19
8885839646	Semantics	the study of language meaning	20
8885839647	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	21
8885839648	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	22
8885839649	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	23
8885839650	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	24
8885839651	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	25
8885839652	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	26
8885839653	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	27
8885839654	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	28
8885839655	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	29
8885872270	Belief bias	preexsisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning (make invalid conclusions seem valid)	30