Academic Vocabulary for AP Language and Composition LYBBERT Flashcards

8572524216	ad hominem	Latin for "to the man" this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	0
8572529265	ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
8572532031	Alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	2
8572538172	Allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art.	3
8572542202	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	4
8572546511	Appeal to false authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as credible. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements.	5
8572550346	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	6
8572556478	Argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	7
8572558876	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. When supported by evidence, this becomes an argument.	8
8572565411	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. (See Warrant)	9
8572573960	Backing	In the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption (warrant) lacks authority.	10
8572580622	Begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt--where the writer or speaker assumes the statement under examination to be true.	11
8572583294	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	12
8572587788	Circular reasoning	Circular reasoning	13
8572591947	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	14
8572596371	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence. It differs from a topic or a subject in that it must be arguable.	15
8572600892	Claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true.	16
8572605074	Claim of policy	proposes a change	17
8572624764	Claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	18
8572627791	Classical oration	Five-part argument structure, including (exordium, narratio, confirmatio, refutatio and peroratio)	19
8572662433	Closed thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	20
8572669327	Close reading	is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	21
8572671750	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	22
8574156476	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	23
8574156477	A complex sentence	includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	24
8574156478	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning.	25
8574156479	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	26
8574156480	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	27
8574156481	cumulative	This type of sentence completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	28
8574156482	declarative	This type of sentence makes a statement.	29
8574156483	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific. A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). Usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism	30
8574156487	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	31
8574156488	Diction	Word choice.	32
8574156489	Either/Or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	33
8574156490	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals. Usually thought of as credibility.	34
8574156491	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. ("Passed away" for "died".)	35
8574156492	Faulty analogy	A fallacy in which two things are compared that are not comparable. For instance to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore the significant and profound differences between animals and people.	36
8574156493	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	37
8574156494	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	38
8574156495	First-hand evidence	based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	39
8574156496	Hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	40
8574156497	Hortative	A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	41
8574156498	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	42
8574156499	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	43
8574156500	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	44
8574156501	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general. From the Latin "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization: (Regular exercise promotes weight loss. It lowers stress levels, and improves mood and outlook. Therefore, exercise contributes to better health.)	45
8574156502	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	46
8574156503	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis, with contrasting effect.	47
8574156504	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	48
8574156505	Logical fallacy	potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	49
8574156506	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	50
8574156507	Open thesis	does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Instead, it summarizes the main idea or claim.	51
8574156508	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	52
8574156509	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	53
8574156510	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	54
8574156511	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	55
8574156512	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	56
8574156513	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	57
8574156514	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	58
8574156515	Polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Generally does not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	59
8574156516	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation; it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.	60
8574156517	Premise	Together, a major and minor one of these make up a syllogism.	61
8574156518	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	62
8574156519	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	63
8574156520	Qualifiers	These include words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	64
8574156521	Quantitative evidence	includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.	65
8574156522	Rebuttal	This gives voice to possible objections.	66
8574156523	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	67
8574156524	Reservation	his explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	68
8574156525	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	69
8574156526	Rhetorical Appeals	techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major ones are ethos (character/credibility), logos (reason or logic), and pathos (emotion).	70
8574156527	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; these include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	71
8574156528	Rhetorical question	purpose is more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	72
8574156529	Rogerian arguments	These are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. Aimed at compromise by ALL parties.	73
8574156530	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it. Driven by anger and a desire to create social change	74
8574156531	Second-hand evidence	accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	75
8574156532	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	76
8574156533	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	77
8574156534	Chekov's view about how many words should be in a text	conciseness is the sister of talent	78
8574156535	Speaker	A term used for the author or person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	79
8574156536	Straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute and idea.	80
8574156537	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	81
8574156538	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	82
8574156539	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise	83
8574156540	Synedoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	84
8574156541	Syntax	Sentence structure.	85
8574156542	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex, not just the sum total.	86
8574156543	Text	While this term generally means the written word, it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	87
8574156544	Chekov's Gun	A principle which states that all objects in a text MUST be intentionally present. If a thing is not critically important to the text, take it out.	88
8574156545	Thesis	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	89
8574156546	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	90
8574156547	Topic sentence	Most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	91
8574156548	Toulmin Model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments that includes this template: Because (evidence as support, therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation.	92
8574156549	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	93
8574156550	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	94
8574156551	Warrant	an assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	95
8574156552	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings. "She broke his car and his heart."	96
8574191336	Relevant, sufficient, and accurate	This describes the minimum requirements for evidence in an intelligent argument	97
8702054549	Pragmatic	dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.	98
8702056892	Querulous	complaining in a petulant or whining manner	99
8702064303	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive, often in a patronizing way.	100
10311538411	Periodic	A sentence which has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.	101
10336436875	Jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	102
10336459661	Circumlocution:	the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.	103
10336935247	Synecdoche	substituting a part (literally... a part of the thing, not something associated with the thing) for the thing itself. "Wheels" to refer to a car.	104
10336942515	Metonymy	referring to something associated with a thing as if it's the whole thing. Example: boots on the ground to refer to soldiers.	105
10349634151	Antithesis:	From Greek, meaning "to place against". two things that are polar opposites. In literature, often written with parallel grammatical structure.	106
10349636280	Vernacular:	the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.	107