APES Flashcards

6167286369	Divergent	Plates moving apart, seafloor spreads, mid-oceanic ridge, a new lithosphere is created.	0
6167293614	Convergent	Plates collide, Continental-Continental-->creates mountains. Oceanic-oceanic--> islands are formed Continental-oceanic--> subduction zone	1
6167293615	Transform	Plates slide next to each other- San Andres fault	2
6167296511	What causes earthquakes? Tsunamis?	when plates slide across each other.	3
6167303946	The richter scale values are logarithmic, which means every change of 1 equals 10x more intensity. What would the difference between at magnitude of 4 to 6 be?	100 times more	4
6167315885	Timeframes of geologic time from broadest to most specific:	Era--> Epoch -->Eon --> Period --> Age	5
6167322069	How many extinctions have there been in Earth's history? What is the one that might be happening now?	there has been 5 major extinctions. 6th extinction is anthropogenic	6
6167324547	Know which fossils are oldest if gives and diagram	Oldest fossils are deep down youngest towards the surface	7
6167324548	Know how to calculate the half life	1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16	8
6167326283	How are sedimentary rocks formed	when pile of debris form together to form rock	9
6167327031	How are Igneous rocks formed	magma or lava cools and forms rock	10
6167327032	How are metamorphic rocks formed	heat and pressure transform one type of rock into another	11
6167362640	What is limestone made of, and why is it useful when managing pH.	Calcium carbonate CaCO3	12
6167363798	Example of surface mining	Mountain top removal	13
6167363799	Examples of subsurface mining	shaft/ tunnel mining	14
6167365774	What is smelting?	using chemicals and or heat to separate minerals from ore.	15
6167365775	What are tailings?	Waste produce of mining- "Extra" Waste rock	16
6177789006	Explain the process of reclamation	Mining companies put the land back to a usable state when mining operations have been complete	17
6167369536	What type of material is ultimately extracted from ore?	Copper, Iron, Aluminum	18
6167372668	details of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977	Enforced by the department of the Interior - bureau of Land Management - bureau of reclamation. Monitors mining operations and environmental measures. Allows for the reclamation of operation and reclamation of other mining sites from previous mining activity.	19
6167385357	Know the soil horizons in order, and what each layer is composed of	Orange Apes Eat Banana Coated Rocks Organic--> A-Topsoil E-Evolution--> B-Subsoil--> C-Parent Material--> R-Bedrock	20
6167399311	compare sand silt and clay in terms of size, porosity, permeability, and water retention	Biggest-->Smallest Size (Sand-->Silt-->Clay) Porosity (Sand-->Silt-->Clay) Permeability (sand-->Silt-->Clay) Water Retention (Clay-->Silt-->Sand)	21
6167401419	Contour plowing	Plowing with equal elevation, Perpendicular to the flow of water	22
6167401420	Strip cropping	Planting crops in strips in conjunction with crop rotation and contour plowing normally.	23
6167432396	terracing	planting on steep sloops like stairs	24
6167432397	crop rotation	changing what is planted one year from the next to get the most out of the soil	25
6167434067	describe an old-growth forest	a forest that has never been logged. Has trees that may be 100 to 1000 years old.	26
6167435128	describe a forest plantation	trees are all the same species all the same age and planted in rows for harvesting	27
6167436424	compare clear-cutting and select-cutting as lumber harvesting methods	clear-cutting is removing all of the trees in an area Select-cutting is removing specific trees in an area more costly	28
6167454669	List some negatives of deforestation	less CO2 removal by photosynthesis less O2 generated by photosynthesis removal of habit for animal species Increased erosion Decreased biodiversity	29
6167455938	what is agroforestry? know how to do a cost-benefit analysis for this consideration	planting both trees and vegetables ($ tree income/ Unit land x total land x %tree land) + ($Vege incomve/ Unit Land x Total land x %veg land)	30
6167457598	what does overgrazing do to the land	Increases erosion, increases the number of plant species cattle dont like to eat, decreases ability for grazed plants to grow back	31
6167459051	what organization manages rangelands	bureau of land management	32
6167461491	what are some aspects of CITY planning for sustainability	Reduced vehicles= reduce pollution increase density of housing green landscaping	33
6167463925	know the differences between preservation, mitigation, remediation, and restoration.	preservation- keeping land protected the way it exists mitigation- replacing removed habitat with new habitat elsewhere remediation- cleaning up degraded habitat restoration- restoring a piece of land to a natural state	34
6167463926	what are the rules of a wilderness area	only a certain number of people can be in the area No roads, buildings or vehicles allowed people can canoe, hike, fish, or hunt in area only.	35
6167468554	know the differences between various types of zoning (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural..)	Zoning- land use designations made by planning department residential- homes commercial- businesses industrial- factories agricultural- farming	36
6167470265	know what LD-50 is, and how to identify it on a graph	Lethal dose where 50% of organisms tested die	37
6167471342	what is the difference between LD-50 and ED-50?	LD-50: Lethal dose 50% die ED-50: Effected dose 50% have some sort of effect	38
6167471343	what is the "threshold" dosage	highest dose that can be given without any adverse effects	39
6167473847	what is a material safety data sheet	information that relates to a product for health and safety considerations	40