AP Statistics: Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

6543879893	Test of Hypothesis	A decision procedure for evaluating the validity of a null hypothesis based on examining the value of a test statistic computed from a sample	0
6543879894	Null Hypothesis	The hypothesis of no difference, no change, and no association; usually written in the form Ho: parameter = hypothesized value.	1
6543879895	Alternate Hypothesis	The statement you will adopt in the situation in which the evidence (data) is so strong that you reject the null hypothesis.	2
6543879896	Type I Error	Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is in fact true; often results in a false positive	3
6543879897	Type II Error	Failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is in fact false; often results in a false negative	4
6543879898	Probability of a Type I Error	The level of significance (or the α-level); the acceptable α-level is set by the researcher based on the context of the problem	5
6543879899	Probability of a Type II Error	Increases when the variability of the sampling distribution increases; decreases as alpha increases or as the actual population parameter varies more substantially from the hypothesized value	6
6543879900	Power	The probability of a hypothesis test correctly rejecting the null hypothesis; increases as alpha increases	7
6543879901	Level of Significance	The level at which the researcher believes that the study results most likely represent a non-chance event; also the probability of making a type I error.	8
6543879902	Test Statistic	A measure of how much the sample differs from the null hypothesis; for z and t, measured in the number of standard deviations (or standard errors) from the hypothesized mean	9
6543879903	Observed Significance Level	The probability, on the supposition that Ho is true, of obtaining a result at least as contrary to Ho as the result actually observed in the sample data; aka a p-value.	10
6543879904	Rejection Region	Identifies the unlikely values of the test statistic for which the null hypothesis will be rejected at the alpha level of significance	11
6543879905	p-value	The probability of observing a test statistic at least as extreme as the statistic obtained from a sample, given that the null hypothesis is true.	12
6543879906	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	13
6543879907	Reject Ho	Hypothesis decision based on higher values for test statistic and lower p-values that yields statistically significant results	14
6543879908	Fail to Reject Ho	Hypothesis decision based on lower values for the test statistic and higher p-values that indicates a lack of statistically significant results	15