Chapter 1 AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

7265428666	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.	0
7265430745	concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a it is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	1
7265431273	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation; are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	2
7265432436	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	3
7265432979	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a it, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	4
7265433502	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to it to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. It is established by both who you are and what you say.	5
7265433956	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to it, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	6
7265434491	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	7
7265435404	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to it to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to it might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	8
7265435872	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	9
7265436465	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. They generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	10
7265436918	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, it is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	11
7265437450	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	12
7265438286	refutation	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, they often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	13
7265438912	rhetoric	As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	14
7265439700	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major ones are ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	15
7265441133	rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	16
7265441592	SOAPS	A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	17
7265442478	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	18
7265441706	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	19
7265443915	text	While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" — meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	20