AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

9958787419	Scientific Method	a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world where experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses	0
9958787420	Social Contract	the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government (Rousseau)	1
9958787421	Natural Rights	the rights that all people are born with - according to John Locke, the rights of life, liberty, and property	2
9958787422	Enlightened Despot	One of the 18th century European monarchs who were inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of their subjects (Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia)	3
9958787423	Separation of Powers	the assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government ("Power should be a check to power" - Baron Montesquieu)	4
9958787424	Philosophes	group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment	5
9958787425	Federal system	system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states	6
9958787426	Checks and balances	measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others	7
9958787427	Old Regime	political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution (left over from the Middle Ages)	8
9958787428	estate	one of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution (First Estate=clergy; Second Estate=nobility; Third Estate=rest of the population)	9
9958787429	bourgeoisie	in social and political theory, the social order dominated by the land-owning class. In the 19th century, the term became associated with the middle class	10
9958787430	coup d'etat	sudden seizure of political power in a nation	11
9958787431	plebiscite	a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal	12
9958787432	Balance of power	a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others	13
9958787433	legitimacy	hereditary right of a monarch to rule	14
9958787434	conservatives	in the first half of the 19th century, Europeans who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe (mostly wealthy landowners)	15
9958787435	liberals	in the first half of the 19th century, Europeans who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments (mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants)	16
9958787436	radicals	in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people	17
9958787437	socialism	an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all	18
9958787438	nation-state	an independent nation of people having a common culture and identity (ie: France, Spain)	19
9958787439	nationalism	the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation - that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history - rather than to a king or empire	20
9958787440	Zionism	19th century nationalist movement for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine	21
9958787441	self-determination	the determining by the people of the form their government shall have, without reference to the wishes of any other nation, especially by people of a territory of former colony	22
9958787442	Suffrage	the right of voting	23
9958787443	Universal manhood suffrage	voting for all male citizens	24
9958787444	Universal suffrage	voting for all citizens regardless of ethnicity, sex, or religion	25
9958787445	Imperialism	policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially	26
9958787446	Cultural imperialism	domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority	27
9958787447	Colonialism	policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power	28
9958787448	Extraterritoriality	the right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the 19th and 20th century, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right	29
9958787449	Annexation	the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit	30
9958787450	Social Darwinism	the application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as justification for imperialist expansion	31
9958787451	Sphere of Influence	an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges; includes treaty ports - trade cities opened to foreign residents as a result of forced treaties, in treaty ports foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality	32
9958787452	Economic Imperialism	independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments	33
9958787453	Cottage industries	weaving, sewing, carving and other small scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent laborers using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs	34
9958787454	Industry	the process of making products by using machinery and factories	35
9958787455	Labor union	an organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members (working conditions, wages) through strikes or negotiations with employers	36
9958787456	laissez-faire	an economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws	37
9958787457	urbanization	the growth of cities and the migration of people into them	38
9958787458	Protectorate	a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power	39
9958787459	colony	a country or a region governed internally by a foreign power	40
9958787460	pogrom	an organized campaign of violence against Jewish communities in late 19th century Russia	41
9958787461	millenarianism	belief in a coming ideal society and especially one created by revolutionary action by a religious, social, or political group/movement	42
9958787462	caudillo	a Spanish or Latin America military dictator	43
9958787463	Napoleon Bonaparte	Emperor of France from 1804-1815; took power through a coup d'état. Was a hero of the French Revolution and his legal reform (the Napoleonic code) influenced other legal systems around the world. He is considered to be one of the most superior military commanders of all time	44
9958787464	Adam Smith	Seen as the founder of Capitalism. Enlightenment thinker and author of The Wealth of Nations in 1776.	45
9958787465	Prince Klemens von Metternich	Austrian Foreign Minister who led the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. Advocated a conservative stance when rebuilding Europe following the Napoleonic Wars	46
9958787466	Karl Marx	Co-author of The Communist Manifesto - his theories heldd that societies progress through a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat (workers)	47
9958787467	Friedrich Engels	Co-author of The Communist Manifesto - made important contributions to family economics	48
9958787468	Simon Bolivar	Venezuelan who played a key role in the Latin American struggle for independence from Spain and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America	49
9958787469	Abraham Lincoln	President of the United States during the civil war	50
9958787470	Porfirio Diaz	President of Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Fought as a rebel during the French intervention and at the Battle of Puebla. Was overthrown during the Mexican Revolution of 1910.	51
9958787471	Muhammad Ali	Self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Regarded as the founder of modern Egypt for his military and industrial reforms	52
9958787472	Cecil Rhodes	English-born South African businessman responsible for helping claim much of Africa for Great Britain (From Cape Town to Cairo)	53
9958787473	Queen Victoria	Longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and named Empress of India during that time	54
9958787474	King Leopold II	King of Belgium and sole owner of the Congo Free State in Africa, where he used force labor to acquire rubber	55
9958787475	Alexander II	Russian czar responsible for the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861 and attempted other reforms in Russia after their defeat in the Crimean War	56
9958787476	Baron de Montesquieu	Enlightenment thinker who advocated the separation of powers and checks and balances within a government	57
9958787477	Thomas Jefferson	American founding father, president, and principal author of the Declaration of Independence	58
9958787478	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher whose ideas of the social contract influenced both the American and French Revolutions	59
9958787479	John Locke	English philosopher who believed all men were born with natural rights and it was the duty of the government to protect those rights. His work influenced the founding fathers of the United States	60
9958787480	Marie Curie	Polish physicist and chemist responsible for pioneering research on radioactivity. Received two Nobel prizes in science for her research	61
9958787481	Issac Newton	English mathematician who discovered the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Also shares credit for the creation of calculus	62
9958787482	Louis Pasteur	French chemist whose experiments supported the germ theory of disease and helped create the first vaccines	63
9958787483	Voltaire	French Enlightenment thinker and satirist who was a proponent of freedom of religion and expression as well as separation of church and state	64
9958787484	James Watt	Scottish inventor remembered for his work with the steam engine	65
9958787485	Common Sense	Made Thomas Paine popular in America for advocating liberty from Britain	66
9958787486	Declaration of Independence	document stating that the thirteen colonies were separate from Great Britain. Expressed the philosophy behind the Patriots' fight against British troops in America	67
9958787487	Bastille	A former prison that still symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy	68
9958787488	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Document from the French Revolution declaring basic human rights, 1789	69
9958787489	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	Abolished special privileges of the Catholic Church in France and put it under state control	70
9958787490	Committee of Public Safety	Powerful group, led by Maximilien Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.	71
9958787491	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen	Alienated the male dominated leadership of the French Revolution	72
9958787492	Primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	73
9958787493	Code Napoleon	All citizens were equal and ir provided for trial by jury and freedom of religion	74
9958787494	Maroons	Escaped slaves	75
9958787495	Benito Juarez	Indian lawyer from a background of poverty who became Mexico's president and eventually served five terms	76
9958787496	La Reforma	Liberal revolt which resulted in a new constitution for Mexico in 1854	77
9958787497	José de San Martín	Creole in South America who defeated royalists to establish an independent government. "Protector of Peru"	78
9958787498	Claude Henri de Saint-Simon	Advocated strongly for public works that would provide employment	79
9958787499	Robert Owen	Established utopian communities at New Lanark in Scotland and New Harmony in the United States, where he insisted on providing some education for child workers	80
9958787500	Prime Minster Camilo Benso	Count of Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia; who helped to unify Italy as a constitutional monarchy	81
9958787501	gauchos	A rough equivalent of the North American cowboy	82
9958787502	Spinning Jenny	Invented byJames Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time	83
9958787503	Water frame	Patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used water power to drive the spinning wheel	84
9958787504	division of labor	The type of arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job	85
9958787505	crop rotation	Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year	86
9958787506	Seed drill	A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground	87
9958787507	Enclosure movement	Government fenced off the commons in order to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land	88
9958787508	Transcontinental Railroad	Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US	89
9958787509	Slum	a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions	90
9958787510	Stockholder	Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market	91
9958787511	Captains of industry	Overshadowed the landed aristocracy as the power brokers and leaders of modern society	92
9958787512	Utilitarianism	Sought the greatest good for the greatest number of people	93
9958787513	Tanzimat	Reorganization/reform movement in late Ottoman empire	94
9958787514	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	95
9958787515	Creoles	Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.	96
9958787516	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	97
9958787517	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships.	98
9958787518	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms	99
9958787519	gens de couleur libres	Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background of the Haitian Revolution.	100
9958787520	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.	101
9958787521	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti)	102
9958787522	Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests	103
9958787523	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule	104
9958787524	Toussaint L'Ouverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) .	105
9958787525	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.	106
9958787526	Nation	A clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	107
9958787527	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	108
9958787528	Petit Blancs	The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.	109
9958787529	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference, 1848	110
9958787530	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).	111
9958787531	the Terror	Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.	112
9958787532	Third Estate	In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble,	113
9958787533	Tupac Amaru	The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.	114
9958787534	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	115
9958787535	British Royal Society	Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."	116
9958787536	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	117
9958787537	Dependent development	Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.	118
9958787538	Duma	The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.	119
9958787539	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	120
9958787540	Labour Party	British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.	121
9958787541	Latin American Export Boom	Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries i	122
9958787542	Lenin	Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.	123
9958787543	Mexican Revolution	Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order.	124
9958787544	Model T	The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American industrialist Henry Ford.	125
9958787545	Robert Owens	Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.	126
9958787546	Peter the Great	Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.	127
9958787547	Populism	Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.	128
9958787548	Progressivism	American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization.	129
9958787549	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	130
9958787550	Russian Revolution of 1905	Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.	131
9958787551	Socialism in the United States	Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.	132
9958787552	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	133
9958787553	Abd al-Hamid II	Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.	134
9958787554	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	135
9958787555	China 1911	The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the Qing dynasty for the previous half-century.	136
9958787556	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	137
9958787557	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	138
9958787558	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	139
9958787559	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	140
9958787560	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	141
9958787561	Samurai	Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.	142
9958787562	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	143
9958787563	Selim III	Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.	144
9958787564	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	145
9958787565	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	146
9958787566	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	147
9958787567	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	148
9958787568	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	149
9958787569	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	150
9958787570	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	151
9958787571	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	152
9958787572	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	153
9958787573	Cultivation System	System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.	154
9958787574	Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	155
9958787575	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	156