AP World History Middle Ages Flashcards

8240112755	Middle Ages	period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	0
8240112756	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	1
8240112757	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	2
8240112758	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	3
8240112759	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	4
8240112760	Moldboard	adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils	5
8240112761	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	6
8240112762	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	7
8240112763	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	8
8240112764	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	9
8240112765	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	10
8240112766	Holy Roman emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	11
8240112767	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	12
8240112768	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	13
8240112770	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	14
8240112771	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	15
8240112772	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	16
8240112773	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France (1337-1453)	17
8240112774	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	18
8240112775	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	19
8240112776	St. Clare of Assisi	13th c founder of a woman's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church	20
8240112777	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	21
8240112778	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of great syntheses of medieval learning; taught University of Paris; author of Summas; believed through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	22
8240112779	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	23
8240112780	Troubadours	poets in 14th c southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition	24
8240112781	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance (trade)	25
8240112782	Jacques Coeur	15th c French merchant; his career as banker to French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce	26
8240112783	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	27
8240112784	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	28