AP LANGUAGE Flashcards

2247961650	logos	appeal to authority, cause and effect, statistics, generalizations	0
2247964378	ethos	appeal to ethics, credibility, morals	1
2247965073	pathos	appeal to feelings, emotion, logical fallicies	2
2247966638	generalization	reasoning from facts, a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases	3
2247969225	analogy	using comparisons between ideas to explain, illustrate, or clarify examples	4
2247971634	cause and effect	reasoning that explains how if one thing happens, it causes another thing to happen; common fallacies: post hoc ergo prompter hoc, coincidence, association, correlation, causality (very obvious C/E)	5
2247975784	sign argument	reasoning based on noting certain signs or patterns, things that don't happen causally but occur simultaneously by happenstance; winter is coming because leaves are falling	6
2247981776	statistics	reasoning based on method of study like science, data, quality of study; fallacies: false authority, faulty reasoning from stats	7
2247984062	authority	reasoning based on what an authority or expert says	8
2247984809	fallacy	a part of an argument that doesn't make sense, has holes in argument	9
2247985557	equivocation	using the same word to mean two different things in the same argument; usually with words that have strong emotional content and many meanings; feather is light/what is light can't be dark is equivocating the meaning of light	10
2247991492	false analogy	A and B could be the same color, but they don't share the same size; you can't make the comparison between bananas and the sun just because they're both yellow	11
2247995215	false authority	assertion is invalid when authority's claims are not supported and are seen as absolute; something isn't true just because your teacher said, or because it's in the news or in a book	12
2247999535	straw man	practice of refuting a weaker argument than your opponent presents, which means you aren't refuting their argument at all; you manipulate what your opponent says so that their position is easier to refute	13
2248002472	red herring	making an irrelevant conclusion about an issue, distracts people from the actual issue	14
2248006152	post hoc ergo prompter hoc	false cause and effect: just because A happened and then B happened doesn't mean that A caused B	15
2248007453	circular reasoning	you can't have that because you can't; she needs to be fired because she needs to be fired	16
2248009001	ad hominem	attacking the messenger of argument instead of argument itself	17
2248011821	non-sequitur	argument that does not progress logically; if i am a cat, i am a mammal, so if i am a mammal, i am a cat	18
2248014571	begging the question	when an argument is proved with its own propositions, assumptions that leaves question unanswered, begs to be answered; politicians can't be trusted because only untrustworthy people run for office	19
2248023288	false dichotomy	black and white thinking; mark is late for work. either his car broke down, or he has overslept. he isn't at home so his car must have broken down	20
2248027437	slippery slope	causal argument that claims that a small first step leads to chain of related events, like an object given a small push over a cliff will fall very quickly to the bottom; same-sex marriage, what's next, marrying your parents or your car???	21
2248038964	alliteration	repetition of sounds at the beginning of words; strike straight, wage war	22
2248039821	internal alliteration	reiterated consonant sounds within a word; conclude, concur	23
2248040589	consonance	repetition of consonant sounds in 2 or more words that have different vowel sounds; had/hid, wonder/wander, haven/heaven, pitter/patter	24
2248044348	assonance	repetition of similar vowel sounds in words; sad/fact, seven/elves	25
2248046038	onomatopoeia	using a word to imitate a sound	26
2248049092	telegraphic sentence	sentence shorter than 5 words	27
2248049804	short sentence	sentence with 5-15 words	28
2248049806	medium sentence	sentence with 18-20 words	29
2248050498	long and involved sentence	sentence with 30+ words	30
2248051018	natural order	sentence has normal order; Oranges grow in California.	31
2248051779	inverted order	sentence has yoda order; Oranges in California they grow.	32
2248054460	loose sentence	independent clause comes first, followed by a bunch of dependent clauses; casual, associative tone	33
2248055569	periodic sentence	starts with a bunch of dependent clauses, which are then tied together by final independent clause	34
2248056251	split order	sentence that divides complete verb or verb phrase; you already do know that = already do you know that	35
2248058929	balanced	clauses that balance each other, likeness in structure or meaning or length; he maketh me to lie down, he leadeth me to stand	36
2248060146	anaphora	rhetorical repetition at the beginning of successive phrases	37
2248062738	epizeuxis	repetition of words without spaces in between; words, words, words	38
2248063554	epistrophe	repetition of words at the end of successive clauses; of the people, by the people, for the people	39
2248064431	epanalepsis	repetition of word at the end of clause that appeared at beginning of clause; to each the boulders that have fallen to each	40
2248066714	anadiplosis	repetition of important word from one end of phrase to start of another phrase; chicken for dinner? dinner is ruined.	41
2248068282	polyptoton	repetition of words that come from same root word; battle/embattled, feeding/feeder, bed/embedded	42
2248069411	rhetorical question	figure of speech in which question is posed that doesn't want an answer by to provoke thought	43
2248070391	aphorism	general truth, statement expressing opinion that is hard to forget; science is organized knowledge, lost time is never found again	44
2248072412	parallelism	repetition within sentence with same grammatical forms; she was here, she was there, she was everywhere	45
2248074618	antithesis	use of parallelism whereby grammatical forms are repeated in a way that creates opposing ideas; one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind	46
2248077093	chiasmus	two phrases are same in syntax, but in reverse order; life imitates art far more than art imitates life	47
2248078640	aposiopesis	breaking off of speech to raise excitement; why i oughtta--	48
2248079669	non-standard grammar	slang	49
2248080279	asyndeton	list of words that aren't joined by conjunctions; she was bland, drab, boring.	50
2248081443	monosyndeton	list of words joined by only one conjunction; she was rude, and vain, and superficial, and inconsiderate	51
2248083766	polysyndeton	list of words joined by multiple different conjunctions; i love her, but i hate her, and i want to hit her, however, i love her	52
2248085086	ellipsis	omission of word or phrase that is implied by context of sentence to avoid excessive language; government of the people, by the people, for the people	53
2248087931	epithet	using a single-word adjective that is linked to a specific person or quality; championship team, alexander the great, commander-in-chief	54
2248089822	interruption	word or clause that breaks flow of a sentence; my essay, to be honest, is perfect.	55
2248090654	parenthesis	launches a new idea completely separate from the one being discussed in sentence using comma, dash, brackets, parentheses	56
2248092183	exclamation	type of interruption in which writer stops to address listener personally; kanye west is great, but you already know that. he has many awards, but i'm going to let you finish	57
2248095632	appositive	one or more nouns or phrases that rename or add further detail to clarify ideas; george bush, the president of the US,..	58
2248250934	connotation	additional sense associated or suggested by a word of phrase, usually subjective; blanket connotes warmth	59
2248252425	subtext	implication and inference , underlying meaning of something	60
2248252962	denotation	specific or literal meaning of a word	61
2248253402	tenor	literal subject, the aspect that holds meaning	62
2248254238	vehicle	part of metaphor that is the analogy, conveys the comparison	63
2248254825	mixed metaphor	occurs when 2 or more incongruous vehicles are applied to same tenor; she felt a heavy burden of guilt, but she wouldn't let it engulf her = burden and engulf are two vehicles	64
2248256090	personification	figure of thought in which abstract concept, animal, inanimate object is treated as though it were alive and had human attributes	65
2248256601	pathetic fallacy	type of personification that gives human qualities or feelings to nature	66
2248257046	synedoche	word that evokes imagery about physical part to represent a whole or a physical whole to represent a part, usually for body parts; hand in marriage = woman to marry, windows = microsoft	67
2248257946	metonymy	word that evokes imagery about single characteristic associated with particular thing; the crown = british monarchy	68
2248258851	allusion	reference to work or historical time	69
2248259140	allegory	work that uses simplistic storyline with 2 meanings: literal and underlying moral lessons	70
2248259767	anecdote	brief tale narrating interesting or amusing incident	71
2248260015	name dropping	strengthening argument through association of an idea to a well-known person	72
2248260522	verbal irony	saying something but meaning complete opposite	73
2248260775	sarcasm	taunting kind of verbal irony	74
2248261138	situational irony	when outcome of something is different from what's expected	75
2248261687	socratic irony	feigning ignorance to achieve advantage over opponent, playing dumb	76
2248262905	pun	play on words that have same sound but different meanings, usual effect is witty double meaning	77
2248264780	malapropism	deliberate mispronunciation or spelling of word to poke fun	78
2248265051	antanaclasis	pun in which word is used in two different senses	79
2248265600	double entendre	pun in which one word suggests two meanings, sexually suggestive	80
2248266453	synesthesia	using adjectives from one sense to describe another sense, play on words creating neurological mixing of senses; hearing colors, seeing sounds, tastes like regret	81
2248267335	anthimeria	pun where a noun is used as verb; i am pooped, i am origamied out	82
2248267882	juxtaposition	contrast between 2 words put together to emphasize difference in meaning	83
2248272189	apostrophe	reference to a person that's not really there or abstract concept, elevates style and emotional intensity	84
2248272866	hyperbole	exaggeration	85
2248272867	understatement	form of irony in which point is highlighted by expressing ideas as of less importance or magnitude	86
2248273713	euphemism	using a word to replace another more offensive or blunt one; passed away for died	87
2248274120	periphrasis	using more words than necessary to express an idea to avoid saying it directly; don't get your panties all up in a bunch = chill out	88
2248275225	paradox	counter-intuitive statement; the silence is deafening	89
2248275815	oxymoron	compressed paradox that uses 2 words with contrary elements; bittersweet, jumbo shrimp	90
2248276211	litotes	describing something by negating its opposite; it's not uncommon, he's no fool = he's wise	91