AP Language Terms Flashcards
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| 2820556525 | Authority | The quality that is put through by the author; the author has previous knowledge on the subject, so they are viewed as an accepted source of information | 0 | |
| 2820556526 | Audience | The listeners or spectators at a speech or performance, or the intended readership for a piece of writing. | 1 | |
| 2820557614 | Backing | Moral support that is given to one particular point of the conflict, it is only meant to affect the reader psychologically or emotionally. | 2 | |
| 2820557615 | Assertion | Something that the author either suggests or claims is true, but has no real evidence supporting his claim. | 3 | |
| 2820558326 | Logical Fallacies | Errors that appear in arguments, but may be making your logic less relevant in your argument, they usually lack evidence that support your claim. | 4 | |
| 2820558824 | Generalization (L.F.) | When a writer basis a claim on an isolated example or asserts a claim as certain rather than probable | 5 | |
| 2820558825 | Begging the question (L.F.) | Circular reasoning in which one assumes to be true what one is supposed to be proving . | 6 | |
| 2820559348 | Ad hominem (L.F.) | Argument against the man [or person]"; a fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by attempting to discredit the person offering the argument or assertion. | 7 | |
| 2820560114 | Either-or-Reasoning (L.F.) | When the writer reduces an argument or issue to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives. | 8 | |
| 2820562200 | Non-sequitur (L.F.) | Latin for "it does not follow" when one statement isn't logically connected to another. | 9 | |
| 2820562201 | Red herring (L.F.) | Something that draws attention away from the central issue. | 10 | |
| 2820562776 | Post hoc (L.F.) | In or of the form of an argument in which one event is asserted to be the cause of a later event simply by virtue of having happened earlier | 11 | |
| 2820562777 | False dilemma (L.F.) | Qhen two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection for the two | 12 | |
| 2820564385 | The Aristotelian Appeals | Aristotle's "ingredients for persuasion" are known by the names of ethos, pathos, and logos; They are all means of persuading others to take a particular point of view. | 13 | |
| 2820563282 | Logos (A.A.) | (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning; can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument. | 14 | |
| 2820564946 | Ethos (A.A.) | (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author; the speaker's/author's authority | 15 | |
| 2820565939 | Pathos (A.A.) | (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions; vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details. | 16 | |
| 2820565940 | Purpose | The reason an author decides to write about a specific topic. Then, once a topic is selected, the author must decide whether his purpose for writing is to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain his ideas to the reader. | 17 | |
| 2820566434 | Describe (Purpose) | Contains many descriptive details (adjectives) and imagery; You can get a clear visual image of whatever is being described. | 18 | |
| 2820566435 | Explain (Purpose) | When the author uses senses to tell a story or event, giving reasons to let one know what has happened. | 19 | |
| 2820567020 | Inform (Purpose) | The author uses facts in their piece, but is not trying to make an argument instead they are trying to teach. | 20 | |
| 2820567021 | Persuade (Purpose) | Contains mostly opinions; The author is trying to get you to do something, support a certain cause, or buy something *Examples would be advertisements and political speeches. Also called convince. | 21 | |
| 2820567539 | Entertain (Purpose) | The author is simply telling a story; writing to amuse the audience; Short stories and poems are often written for this purpose. | 22 | |
| 2820567540 | Tone | An attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience; generally conveyed through the choice of words or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. | 23 | |
| 2820568113 | Didactic Tone | Instill a particular piece of literature or article with a specific philosophical concept meant to teach a specific message or a moral lesson besides giving information and pleasure; It is specifically used for literary pieces that are full of morality and target a specific audience. | 24 | |
| 2820568772 | Nostalgic Tone | Reveals a kind of homesickness for the past, a desire to return to "the good ole days" | 25 | |
| 2820570665 | Pedantic Tone | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish | 26 | |
| 2820570666 | Trite Tone | Stale; worn out; overused | 27 | |
| 2820571086 | Contemptuous Tone | Insulting someone or dismissing them in a hateful way scornful; expressing in disgrace | 28 | |
| 2820571087 | Sardonic Tone | Scornfully or cynically mocking; sarcastic | 29 | |
| 2820571558 | Benevolent Tone | Characterized by or expressing goodwill or kindly feelings; desiring to help others; charitable; intended for benefits rather than profit | 30 | |
| 2820572316 | Effusive Tone | Unrestrained and excessive in emotional expression | 31 | |
| 2820572317 | Compassionate Tone | Feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others. | 32 | |
| 2820572664 | Urban Tone | sophisticated, elegant | 33 | |
| 2820572665 | Diction | Style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer. | 34 | |
| 2820573313 | Denotation (Diction) | The strict, literal dictionary definition or a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude or color. | 35 | |
| 2820573314 | Connotation (Diction) | The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Involve ideas,emotions, or attitudes. | 36 | |
| 2820573748 | Colloquial Diction | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.Give conversational, familiar tone. | 37 | |
| 2820573749 | Formal Diction | Using words that are obeying normal standards that are correct and do not have any casual or familiar forms. | 38 | |
| 2820574081 | Informal Diction | The relaxed, conversational language that we use every day. | 39 | |
| 2820574819 | Metonymy (Diction) | A term from the greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name"; a figure of speech which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. | 40 | |
| 2820574820 | Monosyllabic (Diction) | Using words that are only composed of one syllable; being to the point and straight forward | 41 | |
| 2820575404 | Polysyllabic (Diction) | Using words that have multiple syllable; mainly having syllables that have four or more syllables. | 42 | |
| 2820575405 | Contrastive (Diction) | Having words that contrast with each other, and oppose the meaning of what they literally mean. | 43 | |
| 2820576000 | Synecdoche (Diction) | Literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. | 44 | |
| 2820576001 | Concerete (Diction) | Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language e.g. calling a fruit "pleasant" or "good" is abstract, while calling a fruit "cool" or "sweet" is concrete. | 45 | |
| 2820576455 | Abstract (Diction) | Language that describes qualities that cannot be perceived with the five senses. e.g. calling something "pleasant" is abstract, while calling something yellow or sour is concrete. | 46 | |
| 2820576888 | Ambiguous (Diction) | Occurs when something is open to more than one interpretation. | 47 | |
| 2820581156 | Detail | When images and image production make elements distinguishable so it can make a virtual illustration. | 48 | |
| 2820582071 | Mood (Detail) | A literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions. | 49 | |
| 2820582072 | Imagery (Detail) | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions; [visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory or olfactory imagery.] | 50 | |
| 2820582760 | Setting (Detail) | The location and time frame in which the action of a narrative takes place. | 51 | |
| 2820584125 | Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 52 | |
| 2820584503 | Allusion (F.L) | A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance; Does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers; Just a comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text. | 53 | |
| 2820584504 | Simile (F.L) | figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared. That explicit comparison often takes the form of the word "like" or "as". | 54 | |
| 2820585288 | Metaphor (F.L) | Implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it. Example: *Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Shakespeare, Macbeth *. . . while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread . . . by which the little surface corners and edges of men's secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness. . . ) Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom! *From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. W. Churchill | 55 | |
| 2820585289 | Personification (F.L) | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inatimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 56 | |
| 2820585673 | Hyperbole (F.L) | A figure of speech using diliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Have a comic effect; however,a serious effect is possible. | 57 | |
| 2820585674 | Understatement (F.L) | Understatement the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant that it is. | 58 | |
| 2820586185 | Paradox (F.L) | A statement that appears to be self contradictory or opposed tocommon sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 59 | |
| 2820587765 | Dramatic Irony (F.L) | Occurs when the audience knows something the characters do not. Because of this understanding, the words of the characters take on a different meaning. | 60 | |
| 2820595164 | Verbal Irony (F.L) | Irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning. | 61 | |
| 2820597967 | Analogy (F.L) | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. | 62 | |
| 2820597968 | Anecdote (F.L) | A short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh. | 63 | |
| 2820599765 | Allegory (F.L) | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. | 64 | |
| 2820599766 | Organization | Refers to the order in which a writer chooses to present his or her ideas to the reader; the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay. | 65 | |
| 2820600226 | Deductive Organization | Begins with a general assertion and then presents specific details and examples in support of the generalization. | 66 | |
| 2820602755 | Inductive Organization | Begins with a number of examples and then concluding with a general truth or principle | 67 | |
| 2820604075 | Idea/ Example (Organization) | This is when the major ideas are presented with evidence or details that help support this idea. | 68 | |
| 2820604602 | Cause/ Effect (Organization) | Used to show the different causes and effects of various conditions; This pattern is particularly effective when writing a persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables. | 69 | |
| 2820604984 | Description (Organization) | Presents general information about a class of persons, places, things, and events; Identifies characteristics or attributes | 70 | |
| 2820606400 | Process Analysis (Organization) | Presents a chronological sequence of steps that explain how something is done, how something happens, or how readers can do something. | 71 | |
| 2820613617 | Narration (Organization) | Organizes information to tell a story | 72 | |
| 2820614876 | Comparison/ Contrast (Organization) | Arranges information according to how two or more things are similar to or different from one another (or both); This is an effective pattern to use when the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation to another. | 73 | |
| 2820616022 | Exposition (Organization) | Writing that is mainly meant to give information and to explain things, usually in detail. | 74 | |
| 2820616023 | Persuasion (Organization) | Type of writing (rhetoric) whose main purpose is to convince the audience to think, act, or feel a certain way; It involves appealing to reason (logos), to emotion (pathos), and/or to a sense of ethics (ethos). | 75 | |
| 2820617272 | Repetition (Organization) | The use of any element, such as a sound, word, clause, phrase or sentence more than once. | 76 | |
| 2820617744 | Syllogism (Organization) | Starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it draws conclusion about something more specific. e.g. general argument that "All men are mortal," we know that "John is a man" so "John is mortal. | 77 | |
| 2820618228 | Point of view | The perspective, the vantage point from which the story is told. | 78 | |
| 2820618542 | Subjective POV | One based on opinion rather than fact, upon which reasonable people could disagree. | 79 | |
| 2820621208 | Objective POV | Writer tells what happens without stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue; facts | 80 | |
| 2820621209 | Participant POV | Sometimes called "First-Person" point of view; Uses first person pronouns (I, we, me, my, our); The narrator is a character in the story | 81 | |
| 2820621568 | Observer POV | Does not take place in plot of the story, but is usually narrator, and presents what others are doing and how they act. | 82 | |
| 2820621569 | Syntax | Refers to the actual way in which words and sentences are placed together in the writing. | 83 | |
| 2820622296 | Sentence length (Syntax) | The number of words in a sentence | 84 | |
| 2820624097 | Anaphora (Syntax) | Repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech. | 85 | |
| 2820624439 | Antithesis (Syntax) | Emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses; Used when the writer employs two sentences of contrasting meanings in close proximity to one another. *e.g. "Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind." | 86 | |
| 2820625085 | Asyndeton (Syntax) | Writing style where conjunctions are omitted in a series of words, phrases or clauses; It is used to shorten a sentence and focus on its meaning. *e.g. "Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?" | 87 | |
| 2820625773 | Polysyndeton (Syntax) | A literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed. | 88 | |
| 2820626298 | Parallel sentence (Syntax) | Repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. | 89 | |
| 2820626299 | Loose sentence (Syntax) | Also called a cumulative sentence; begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause; These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause. *e.g. "I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall." "I like everything about this painting, even though I usually don't like this particular artist." | 90 | |
| 2820626893 | Periodic sentence (Syntax) | Has the main clause or predicate at the end of the sentence; This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made; It can also create suspense or interest for the reader. *e.g. "In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued." | 91 | |
| 2820627504 | Rhetorical question (Syntax) | Is a question that you ask without expecting an answer. The question might be one that does not have an answer; It might also be one that has an obvious answer but you have asked the question to make a point, to persuade or for literary effect. | 92 | |
| 2820627505 | Inverted syntax | Occurs when lines do not follow traditional sentence patterns, for example when the subject and verb or the object and subject are reversed. *Placing an adjective after the noun it qualifies e.g. "the soldier strong" *Placing a verb before its subject e.g. "shouts the policeman" *Placing a noun before its preposition e.g. "worlds between" | 93 | |
| 2820628415 | Alliteration (Syntax) | A literary device where two or more words in a phrase or line of poetry share the same beginning sound; Usually the beginning consonants in the words are used for the alliteration. *e.g. "But a better butter makes a batter better" | 94 | |
| 2820628416 | Assonance (Syntax) | Repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences *e.g. "Go and mow the lawn." | 95 | |
| 2820628969 | Consonance (Syntax) | a poetic device characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession *e.g. "pitter patter" "all mammals named Sam are clammy" | 96 |