All 205 AP Language & Composition Terms Flashcards

7266829944	Abstract	words or phrases denoting ideas, qualities, and conditions that exist but cannot be seen in a tangible (concrete) manner (ex. love, happiness).	0
7266835318	Academic argument	writing addressed to an audience well informed about the topic that aims to convey a clear and compelling point in formal writing.	1
7266839958	Accidental condition	aka essential condition. in a definition, an element that helps to explain what's being defined but isn't essential to it.	2
7266897402	Ad hominem argument	a fallacy of argument in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his / her character (mudslinging).	3
7266902302	Ad populem argument	a fallacious argument that appeals to the passions and prejudices of a group rather than its reason (ex. An appeal to support an issue because it's "the American Way").	4
7295935600	Allegory	a narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning and significance; a universal symbol (ex. Cupid).	5
7295937442	Alliteration	the sequential repetition of a similar sound, usually applied to consonants (ex. "She sells seashells by the seashore").	6
7295938333	Allusion	- a reference to some famous literary work, historical figure, or event (ex. My friend has the patience of Job - this means the friend has enduring patience just as the Biblical figure of that name).	7
7295939383	Ambiguity	a word or an expression having two or more possible meanings.	8
7295939384	Anachronism	an object or person that appears outside of its designated and appropriate time period.	9
7295940929	Analogy	an extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something more familiar for the purpose of illustrating the unfamiliar.	10
7295941874	Anaphora	a figure of speech involving repetition, particularly the same word at the beginning of several clauses.	11
7295943560	Anecdote	a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident.	12
7295943561	Antithesis	the use of parallel structures to call attention to contrasts or opposites ("To err is human, to forgive divine" - Alexander Pope).	13
7295944851	Anthropomorphism	a specific type of personification where animals are given human qualities (ex. The Fox in Aesop's fables).	14
7295946155	Antonomasia	use of a title, epithet, or description in place of a name (Your Honor for Judge).	15
7295947757	Aphorism	a concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief (ex. "Life is short" or "Haste makes waste").	16
7295949023	Apostrophe	the act of addressing some inanimate abstraction or person that is not physically real; this can often help a speaker to express his / her thoughts aloud.	17
7295975183	Ethos	an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers (writers should try to establish an ethos that suggests authority and credibility).	18
7295973471	Appeals to authority, emotion, or logic	rhetorical arguments in which the speaker claims to be an authority or expert in a field, attempts to play upon the emotions, or appeals to the use of reason.	19
7295979229	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	20
7295983724	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	21
7295956029	Argument	(1) a spoken, written, or visual text that expresses a point of view; (2) the use of evidence and reason to discover some version of the truth - the attempt to change someone else's point of view.	22
7295956030	Artistic appeal	support for an argument that a writer creates based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence.	23
7295957764	Assonance	the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words (ex. "She sells seashells by the seashore").	24
7295959435	Assumption	a belief regarded as true, upon which other claims are based.	25
7295960646	Assumption (cultural)	a belief regarded as true or commonsensical within a particular culture (such as the belief in individual freedom in American culture).	26
7295961797	Attitude	the sense expressed by the tone of voice of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject.	27
7295961798	Audience	the person or persons to whom an argument is directed.	28
7295963193	Authority	the quality conveyed by a writer who is knowledgeable about his or her subject and confident in that knowledge.	29
7295964514	Background	the information a writer provides to create the context for an argument.	30
7295965610	Backing	the evidence provided to support a warrant.	31
7295965611	Bandwagon appeal	a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	32
7295967164	Begging the question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute (Rita can't be the bicycle thief; she's never stolen anything).	33
7295968187	Bombast	language that is overly rhetorical or pompous; graduation speeches tend to be bombastic.	34
7296030189	Canon	that which has been accepted as authentic.	35
7296030190	Caricature	a ludicrous exaggeration of the defects of persons or things.	36
7296031779	Casual analysis	a mode of developing an essay in which the writer's chief aim is to analyze cause or predict effect.	37
7296032922	Casual argument	an argument that seeks to explain the effect(s) of a cause, the cause(s) of an effect, or a casual chain in which A causes B, B causes C, and so on.	38
7296034590	Ceremonial argument	another name for an epideictic argument -- an argument that deals with current values and addresses the questions of praise and blame (Eulogies and graduation speeches).	39
7296035923	Character	(appeal based on) a strategy in which a writer presents an authoritative or credible self-image to convince an audience to accept a claim.	40
7296038045	Chiasmus	a figure of speech and generally a syntactical structure wherein the order of the terms for the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second (ex. "He thinks I am but a fool. A fool, perhaps I am").	41
7296039476	Circumlocution	talking around a subject or talking around a word; avoid this in all forms of writing - get straight to the point!	42
7296040905	Claim	a statement that asserts a belief or truth; claims require supporting evidence.	43
7296041991	Classical oration	a highly structured form of an argument developed in ancient Greece or Rome to defend or refute a thesis; (includes six distinct parts - exordium, narration, partition, confirmation, refutation, and peroration).	44
7296044862	Cliche	a stale image or expression and the bane of good expository writing!	45
7296044863	Coherence	the principle of clarity and logical adherence to a topic that binds together all parts of a composition.	46
7296046076	Colloquialism	a word or expression acceptable in informal usage but inappropriate in formal discourse; identifying diction of common folks for a particular region (ex. Coke, pop, or soda pop -- Bug refers to an insect; when used to designate a virus, for example "She is at home recovering from a bug," the word is a colloquialism).	47
7296048978	Conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out in a piece of literature.	48
7296050388	Confirmatio	the fourth part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer offers evidence for the claim.	49
7296050389	Connotation	the suggestions or associations that surround most words and extend beyond their literal meaning (slender and skinny have similar meanings the former more positive than the latter).	50
7296051722	Consonance	- the repetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels (ex. Pitter-patter, splish-splash).	51
7296052967	Context	the entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place including: writer's purpose; audience; time and place of writing; the institutional, social, personal, and other influences on the piece of writing; and the writer's attitude toward the subject and the audience.	52
7296054394	Convention	an accepted manner, model, or tradition (ex. Aristotle's conventions of tragedy).	53
7296054395	Conviction	the belief that a claim or course of action is true or reasonable.	54
7296055629	Credibility	an impression of integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness conveyed by a writer in an argument.	55
7296056544	Criterion	in evaluative arguments, the standard by which something is measured to determine its quality or value.	56
7296058458	Critique	an assessment or analysis of something such as a passage of writing.	57
7296059674	Deductive reasoning	something inferred or concluded where the method of argument moves from general to the specific.	58
7296059675	Definition	(argument of definition) - an argument in which the claim specifies that something does / not meet the conditions or features set forth in a definition (Pluto is not a major planet).	59
7296063641	Deliberative argument	an argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy (parliamentary debates and campaign platforms)	60
7296063642	Delivery	the presentation of a spoken argument.	61
7296064739	Denotation	the specific and literal meaning of a word.	62
7296065677	Description	a rhetorical mode used to develop an essay whose primary aim is to depict a scene, person, thing, or idea; descriptive writing evokes the look, feel, sound, and sense of events, people, or things.	63
7296065678	Dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area (Minnesota - "you betcha" or the South - "ya'll").	64
7296067755	Diction	word choice; we have a choice of words with various shades of meaning so a writer can and does choose among words to express ideas as determined by the audience and occasion of their writing.	65
7296067756	Didactic	in the Greek it means "good teaching" (ex. Aesop's fables are didactic in that they contain an underlying moral or social message).	66
7296070389	Division and classification	a rhetorical mode for developing an essay whose chief aim is to identify the parts of a whole.	67
7296072195	Dogmatism	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	68
7296073783	Either or choice	a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.	69
7296073784	Elegy	a poem or prose work that laments or meditates upon the death of a person(s); (ex. Elegy laments; eulogy praises).	70
7296078901	Emotional appeal	(appeal to pathos) a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (fear, envy, anger, pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim.	71
7296081612	Enthymeme	a statement that links a claim to a supporting argument; in classical rhetoric, an ___________ is a syllogism with one term understood but not stated (Socrates is mortal because he is a human being -- the understood term is the all human beings are mortal).	72
7296081613	Epistrophe	in rhetoric, the repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences.	73
7296087871	Epitaph	writing in praise of a dead person, most often inscribed upon a headstone.	74
7296089537	Equivocation	a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	75
7296089538	Ethical appeal	an appeal based on ethos	76
7296090928	Ethnographic observation	a form of field research involving close and extended observation of a group, event, or phenomenon (careful and detailed note-taking during the observation; analysis of the notes; and interpretation of that analysis).	77
7296097941	Eulogy	a speech or written passage in praise of a person; an oration in honor of a deceased person (ex. Elegy laments; eulogy praises).	78
7296099246	Euphemism	an indirect, kinder, or less harsh / hurtful way of expressing unpleasant information.	79
7296099247	Evaluation	(argument of evaluation) an argument in which the claim specifies that something does / not meet established criteria.	80
7296102784	Evidence	material offered to support an argument.	81
7296102785	Example	(definition by example) a definition that operates by identifying individual examples of what is being defined (sports car - Corvette, Viper, Miata, Boxster).	82
7296105352	Exemplification	The act or process of creating an example, a case in point, an exemplar.	83
7296105353	Exordium	the first part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer tries to win the attention and goodwill of an audience while introducing a subject.	84
7296107080	Experimental evidence	evidence gathered through experimentation; evidence that can be quantified and is frequently crucial to scientific arguments.	85
7296108361	Exposition	writing whose chief aim is to explain (its own meaning or purpose); most college composition assignments are expository.	86
7296108378	Extended metaphor	a series of comparisons within a piece of writing; a metaphor that lasts for more than one phrase or sentence; if they consistently involve one concept, this is also known as a conceit.	87
7296116423	Fact	(argument of fact) an argument in which the claim can be proved/disproved with specific evidence or testimony.	88
7296117877	Fallacy of argument	a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect (ex. Ad hominem argument, bandwagon appeal, begging the questions, dogmatism, either-or choice, equivocation, false authority, faulty analogy, faulty casualty, hasty generalization, non sequitur, scare tactic, sentimental appeal, slippery slope, and straw man).	89
7296119287	False authority	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.	90
7296119288	Farce	a light dramatic work in which highly improbable plot situations, exaggerated characters, and often slapstick elements are used for humorous effect; a ludicrous mockery.	91
7296120567	Faulty analogy	a fallacy argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate or inconsequential.	92
7296122359	Faulty casualty	a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second; faulty casualties are the basis for many superstitions (also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc).	93
7296124185	Firsthand evidence	data (including surveys, observations, personal interviews, etc.) collected and personally examined by the writer.	94
7296124186	Forensic argument	an argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past.	95
7296125377	Formal definition	a definition that identifies something first by the general class to which it belongs (genus) and then by the characteristics that distinguish it from other members of that class (species).	96
7296126249	Generalization	a statement that asserts some broad truth based upon knowledge of specific cases (ex. Big cars are gas guzzlers).	97
7296126250	Genre	a type or class of literature (ex. Epic, narrative, biography, history).	98
7296127578	Genus	in a definition, the general class to which an object or concept belongs.	99
7296127580	Grounds	the evidence provided to support a claim and reason (enthymeme).	100
7296129354	Hard evidence	support for an argument using facts, statistics, testimony, or other evidence the writer finds.	101
7296130450	Hasty generalization	a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	102
7296130451	Homily	a sermon, but more contemporary uses include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual life.	103
7296131526	Hyperbole	use of overstatement for special effect; exaggeration (ex. You are hungry and say "I'm starving!").	104
7296131547	Hypothesis	an expectation for the findings of one's research or the conclusion to one's argument.	105
7296133363	Idiom	an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meaning of its elements (ex. "Kick the bucket" or "Hang one's head").	106
7296133364	Imagery	writing that appeals to one or more of the five senses.	107
7296134496	Immediate reason	the cause that leads directly to an effect, such as an automobile that results in an injury to the driver.	108
7296136409	Inartistic appeal	support for an argument using facts, statistics, eyewitness testimony, or other evidence the writer finds rather than creates.	109
7296136410	Inductive reasoning	form of reasoning that proceeds from specific instances to a general inference or conclusion.	110
7296137704	Inference	a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or other specific data.	111
7296137705	Intended readers	the actual real-life people whom a writer consciously wants to address in a piece of writing.	112
7296139112	Invention	the process of finding and creating arguments to support a claim.	113
7296140193	Inverted word order	moving grammatical elements of a sentence out of their usual order for special effect (ex. Tired I was; sleepy I was not).	114
7296140194	Invitational argument	a term used to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems.	115
7296141129	Invoked readers	the readers directly addressed or implied in a text, which may include some that the writer didn't consciously intended to reach.	116
7296142200	Irony	use of language that suggests a meaning in contrast to the literal meaning of the words; often used to create poignancy or humor (ex. Antony's description of Brutus as an "honorable man" is ironic since Brutus was one of Caesar's assassins).	117
7296143259	Verbal irony	what the author / narrator says is the opposite of what is meant.	118
7296143260	Situational irony	when events end up the opposite of what is expected.	119
7296144327	Dramatic irony	facts or situations are known to the reader / audience but not to the characters.	120
7296145987	Isocolon	parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also in length (ex. The Biblical admonition - "Many are called, but few are chosen").	121
7296147577	Jargon	the specialized or technical language of a specific trade, profession, class, or other group of people.	122
7296148579	Juxtaposition	the location of one thing adjacent (juxtaposed) to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.	123
7296149735	Lampoon	the location of one thing adjacent (juxtaposed) to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.	124
7296150958	Line of argument	a strategy or approach used in an argument (heart appeals -pathos; ethical appeals; logical appeals).	125
7296150959	Litote	a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite (ex. This is no small problem).	126
7296152073	Logical appeal	a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to make audience members accept a claim.	127
9965849885	Logical fallacies	errors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes in order to dupe their audiences (ex. If you don't quit smoking, you'll die of lung cancer).	128
9965859135	Malapropism	the unintentional use of a word that resembles the word intended but that has a very different meaning (ex. "He was a man of great statue").	129
9965860494	Metaphor	a figure of speech that makes a comparison (ex. The ship was a beacon of hope).	130
9965862161	Mode of discourse	the way in which information is presented in written or spoken form; the Greeks believed there were only four modes of discourse: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation).	131
9965867494	Motif	an important idea or subject repeated throughout a story or essay (usually three times or more).	132
9965869794	Mood	a feeling resulting from the tone of a piece; the "feeling" that establishes the atmosphere in a work of literature.	133
9965869795	Narratio	the second part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer presents the facts of a case.	134
9965875290	Narrative	a mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort.	135
9965877138	Necessary reason	a cause that must be present for an effect to occur	136
9965879010	Non sequitur	a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another (ex. If you are really my friend, you'll lend me five hundred dollars).	137
9965880648	Objective writing	when an author tries to present material fairly and without bias.	138
9965894760	Onomatopoeia	a word capturing the sound it describes.	139
9966181898	Operational definition	a definition that identifies an object by what it does or by the conditions that create it (ex. A line is the shortest distance between two points).	140
9966183536	Oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements (ex. "wise fool," "deafening silence").	141
9966189355	Pacing	the speed at which a piece of writing moves along; pacing depends on the balance between summarizing action and representing the action in detail.	142
9966190993	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is possibly true (ex. Fight for peace).	143
9966192519	Parallelism	use of similar grammatical structures or forms used for a pleasing effect (I will live an American, I will die an American).	144
9966194948	Parenthetical expression	a phrase or clause that's inserted within—in effect, it interrupts—another phrase or clause.	145
9966196349	Parody	imitation for comic effect.	146
9966178681	Partio	the third part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer divides up the subject and explains what the claim will be.	147
9966178682	Peroratio	the sixth and final part of a classical oration, in which the speaker or writer summarizes the case and moves the audience to action.	148
9966176095	Personification	treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human features or qualities (ex. William Wordsworth speaks of the stars as "tossing their heads in sprightly dance").	149
9966174275	Persuasion	the act of seeking to change someone else's point of view.	150
9965897488	Refutatio	the fifth part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer acknowledges and refutes opposing claims or evidence.the fifth part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer acknowledges and refutes opposing claims or evidence.	151
9965901490	Rebuttal	an answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge; writers need to anticipate potential objections when shaping an argument.	152
9965904127	Reason	in writing, a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it.	153
9966171508	Precedents.	actions or decisions in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent actions	154
9965906374	Realism	attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail; Mark Twain is an author of this school of thought.	155
9966172769	Point of view	the relation in which a narrator / author stands to a subject of discourse; determining point of view in non-fiction requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said.	156
9965894761	Red herring	a side issue introduced into an argument in order to distract from the main argument; a common device of politicians.	157
9966132604	Qualitative argument	an argument of evaluation that relies on non-numerical criteria supported by reason, tradition, precedent, or logic.	158
9966154342	Premise	a statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based; an assertion or statement that is the basis for an argument.	159
9966157870	Propaganda	an argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth.	160
9966139109	Pun	a play on words used for comic effect; puns play on the multiple meanings of words or replaces one word with another that is similar in sound but very different in meaning.	161
9966155930	Proposal argument	an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action.	162
9966155931	Prose	the ordinary form of written language (not poetry or verse).	163
9966136525	Purpose	the goal of an argument (ex. entertaining, informing, convincing, exploring, and deciding).	164
9966136526	Qualifiers	words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim.	165
9966132605	Quantitative argument	an argument of evaluation that relies on criteria that can be measured, counted, or demonstrated objectively.	166
9966205892	Reversed structures	a figure of speech that involves the inversion of clauses (ex. What is good in your writing is not original; what is original is not good).	167
9966216070	Rhetoric	the art of persuasion in writing or speaking.	168
9966219089	Rhetorical analysis	an examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience.	169
9966221934	Rhetorical questions	questions posed to raise an issue or create an effect rather than get a response (ex. You may well wonder, "What's in a name?").	170
9966221958	Rogerian argument	an approach to argumentation based on the principle, articulated by psychotherapist Carl Rogers, in which audiences respond best when they don't feel threatened; this type of argument stresses trust and urges those who disagree to find common ground.	171
9966225726	Sarcasm	a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical.	172
9966227844	Satire	a social or political criticism that relies heavily on irony, sarcasm, and often humor; often an attack on a person; the use of wit and humor in order to ridicule society's weaknesses so as to correct them; George Orwell is a master of satire.	173
9966229379	Scare tactic	a fallacy of argument presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers.	174
9966231783	Scheme	a figure of speech that involves a special arrangement of words, such as inversion.	175
9966231784	Secondhand evidence	any information taken from outside sources, including library research and online sources.	176
9966234814	Sentimental appeal	a fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion.	177
9966236581	Simile	a comparison that uses "like" or "as" (ex. My love is like a red, red rose or I wandered lonely as a cloud).	178
9966240922	Slanting	the characteristic of selecting facts, words, or emphasis to achieve a preconceived intent (favorable intent - "Although the Senator looks bored, when it comes time to vote, he is on the right side of the issue." unfavorable intent - "The Senator may vote on the right side of issues, but he always looks bored.").	179
9966243704	Slippery slope	a fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious adverse consequences in the future.	180
9966245149	Species	in a definition, the particular features that distinguish one member of a genus from another.	181
9966252449	Spin	a kind of political advocacy that makes any fact or event, however unfavorable, serve a political purpose.	182
9966258546	Stance	the writer's attitude toward the topic and the audience.	183
9966260697	Stasis theory	in classical rhetoric, a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation.	184
9966260698	Straw man	a fallacy of argument in which an opponent's position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so that it's easier to refute; common strategy in debate.	185
9966264186	Style	manner of expression; how the author uses language to get his/her point across.	186
9966271857	Subjective writing	when an author stresses personal responses and interpretations in writing.	187
9966271858	Sufficient condition	in a definition, an element or set of elements adequate to define a term (ex. A sufficient condition in defining God might be "supreme being" or "first cause").	188
9966268101	Sufficient reason	a cause that alone is enough to produce a particular effect (ex. A particular level of smoke in the air will set off a smoke detector).	189
9966267112	Syllogism	in formal logic, a structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion. Major premise - All human beings are mortal. Minor premise - Socrates is a human being. Conclusion - Socrates is mortal.	190
9966280078	Symbolism	use of a person, place, thing, event, or pattern that figuratively represents or "stands for" something else (ex. The golden arches are symbolic of McDonald's).	191
9966285248	Syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences; syntax is sentence structure and how it influences the way the reader receives a particular piece of writing; good syntax requires correct grammar, effective sentence patterns, unity, coherence, and emphasis.	192
9966286883	Testimony	a personal experience or observation used to support an argument.	193
9966289481	Theme	the central or dominant idea or focus of a work; the statement a passage makes about its subject	194
9966288206	Thesis	a sentence that succinctly states a writer's main point.	195
9966292522	Tone	the attitude the narrator / author takes toward a subject and theme; tone reflects the narrator / author's attitude.	196
9966293819	Toulmin argument	a method of informal logic first described by Stephen Toulmin in The Uses of Argument in 1958; Toulmin argument describes the key components of an argument as the claim, reason, warrant, backing, and grounds.	197
9966297991	Trope	a word, phrase, expression, or image that is used in a figurative way, usually for rhetorical effect.	198
9966302259	Understatement	a figure of speech that makes a weaker statement than a situation seems to call for; it can lead to powerful or to humorous effects.	199
9966305023	Values (appeal to values)	a strategy in which a writer invokes shared principles and traditions of a society as a reason for accepting a claim.	200
9966306526	Voice	the presence or the sound of self chosen by an author; good writing sounds like someone delivering the message; the narrator's particular "take" on an idea based on a particular passage and how all the elements of the style of the piece come together to express his or her feelings.	201
9966310684	Warrant	the statement (expressed or implied) that establishes the logical connection between a claim and its supporting reason Claim - Don't eat that mushroom. Reason - It's poisonous. Warrant - What is poisonous should not be eaten.	202
9966312419	Wit	ingenious humor; clever and often humorous association of words or ideas.	203
9966314015	Zeugma	a grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated (ex. "The thief took my wallet and the Fifth Avenue bus").	204