APES Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards

7780023808	evolution	change of heritable characteristics in a population over time	0
7780053988	adaptation	a trait that allows a species to survive I its environment	1
7780074944	natural selection	the process of better-selected individuals passing their traits to the next generation	2
7780099974	critical factor	the single factor shortest in supply in an ecosystem	3
7780110453	tolerance limits	minimum and maximum levels of an environmental factor beyond which an organism cannot survive	4
7780132681	indicator species	presence or absence of an indicator species provides important information about the health of a particular community/ecosystem	5
7780151012	ecological niche	the role a species plays in a biological community	6
7780153634	biomass	the total mass of all living things in a population or area	7
7780166651	specialist	an organism with very specific needs and tolerances (ex: palm tree)	8
7780172810	generalist	an organism that can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions (ex: cockroach)	9
7780182587	resource partitioning	when organisms "split up" a particular resource to avoid competition with each other (ex: day and night feeders)	10
7780208906	competitive exclusion principle	states that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche for long	11
7780217867	speciation	development of a new species	12
7780224295	biodiversity	the number of different species in a given area	13
7780229053	predation	predator eats prey	14
7780233316	coevolution	when two species affect each other's evolution	15
7780250080	Batesian mimicry	a harmless organism resembles a harmful or distasteful one	16
7780261891	Mullerian mimicry	two or more dangerous species that look alike	17
7780271535	symbiosis	a close interaction between two species	18
7780276161	mutualism	both species benefit	19
7780280274	commensalism	one species benefits, other is unaffected	20
7780285036	parasitism	parasite feeds on host	21
7780288382	keystone species	plays a critical role in the survival of other members in the community (ex: salmon)	22
7780306126	primary productivity	the biomass created by the producers in a food chain or food web	23
7780326570	complexity	the number of trophic levels and the number of species at each trophic level	24
7780342860	exotic species	an organism living in a nonnative environment (ex: parrot)	25
7780354657	invasive species	a nonnative species causing harm in its new environment (ex: Burmese python/Everglades)	26
7780373881	primary succession	succession that starts with bare rock (ex: after a volcano)	27
7780383576	secondary succession	succession that starts with soil present (ex: after a forest fire)	28
7780397694	pioneer species	the first species to start succession after an environmental disturbance (ex: lichens)	29
7780403645	biome	an area with specific environmental conditions, climate, flora, fauna (ex: tundra)	30
7780413399	benthic	the BOTTOM of a stream, river, lake, ocean	31
7780419757	pelagic	the water column (excluding benthic zone) in the ocean	32
7780426850	coral reefs	underwater ecosystem formed by corals; extremely high productivity and biodiversity	33
7780442205	estuary	where fresh and salt water meet; extremely high productivity and biodiversity	34
7780448736	salt marsh	coastal wetlands affected by salt water tides; prevent flooding, purify pollutants, habitat for birds	35
7780459309	barrier island	narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to coastline; protect coast from storm, winds	36
7780470066	thermocline	sharp temperature boundary in lakes and rivers	37
7780480158	mangroves	trees that can grow in salt water; prevent erosion, provide nursery for young fish	38
7780487756	wetlands	shallow ecosystems where land is saturated or submerged at least part of the year	39