AP World History-China vocabulary Flashcards

3475154862	An Lushan	Military commander of Tang dynasty; launched rebellion in 755 and seized the Tang capital of Chang'an. Revolt was suppressed two years later, but the dynasty was severely weakened.	0
3475154863	Huang Chao	Leader of a large-scale uprising during the Tang, lasted from 875 to 884. Rebels caused tumult in much of eastern China	1
3475154864	Song Taizu	Title for the first Song emperor (reigned 960-976 CE); pacified warlords after the collapse of the Tang dynasty and founded the Song dynasty. Policies emphasized civil administration over military affairs	2
3475154865	Sui Yangdi	Second and last emperor of the Sui dynasty, reigned from 604 to 618; responsible for construction of the Grand Canal; assassinated in 618	3
3475154866	Tang Taizong	Second emperor of Tang Dynasty, reigned from 627 to 649; murdered his two brothers and pushed his father aside to gain throne; built a splendid capital Chang'an; sought to reinforce interests of small peasants by light taxes and the equal-field system; strengthened bureaucracy by using civil service examination system; competent ruler who brought unusual stability and prosperity to China	4
3475154867	Yang Jian	Founder of the Sui dynasty; claimed the title of emperor for himself in 581 and reunified China in 589	5
3475154868	Xuanzang	Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty; traveled to India and spent 12 years there studying Buddhism beginning in 630 CE. His pilgrimage became a legend that helped to popularize Buddhism in China	6
3475154869	Zhu Xi	Most prominent philosopher of Neo-Confucianism during the Song dynasty; wrote extensively on metaphysical themes such as the nature of reality; stressed importance of philosophical investigations to practical affairs	7
3475154870	block-printing	Technique of printing which was popular during the early Song; involved carving a reverse image of an entire page onto a wooden block, inking of the block and pressing a sheet of paper on top. By the mid 11th century, Chinese printers also invented reusable and movable type.	8
3475154871	bushido	"The way of the warrior", behavior code widely observed by samurai in feudal Japan; emphasized virtues of absolute loyalty, courage, physical strength and a spirit of aggression.	9
3475154872	Chan Buddhism	Popular Buddhist sect in China (also known by its Japanese name, Zen); had little interest in written texts but instead emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of insight in search of spiritual enlightenment	10
3475154873	Chang'an	Capital of Tang Dynasty built under Tang Taizong; the world's most populous city with as many as two million residents; a cosmopolitan, cultural mecca	11
3475154874	civil service examinations	Examinations periodically given by governments for recruiting government officials; test were based on classic works of Chinese literature and philosophy; originating from the Han dynasty and became completely institutionalized during the Tang and Song dynasties	12
3475154875	Dunhuang	Oasis city in western china on the silk road; site of hundreds of Buddhist cave temples and known for its leading role in spreading Mahayana Buddhism in China.	13
3475154876	equal-field system	System of landholding during the early Tang dynasty. To ensure equitable land distribution, government allocated land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs. A family could keep one-fifth of the land as hereditary property while the rest would be subject to periodic redistribution to adjust for changing circumstances of the recipients.	14
3475154877	fast-ripening rice	Strain of rice originally cultivated by Vietnamese which enabled farmers to harvest twice a year; introduced to south China via military ventures during the Tang dynasty.	15
3475154878	flying cash	Chinese letter of credit or early form of currency issued by banks to facilitate trade between different locations; popularly used during the early Tang dynasty to alleviate the shortage of copper coins.	16
3475154879	foot binding	Chinese custom since the Song dynasty; involved tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of the bones and resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet. Practiced to enhance women's attractiveness, display their high social standing and gain better control of their behavior.	17
3475154880	Grand Canal	Artificial waterway constructed under emperor Sui Yangdi which extended about 1240 miles from south to north; served as the principal conduit for internal trade and transportation	18
3475154881	gunpowder	Explosive powder discovered by Daoist alchemist while seeking elixirs during the Tang dynasty; popularly used in China to make fire crackers and weapons; quickly diffused throughout Eurasia	19
3475154882	Hangzhou	Capital city of the later Song dynasty; had more than one million residents during the late 13th century; known for its scenic beauty and economic prosperity	20
3475154883	Heian Japan	Period of Japanese history between 794 and 1185 CE; characterized by new developments in politics and culture; imperial house became a symbol of national authority while effective power was in the hands of the Fujiwara family; lifestyle of aristocrats, as depicted in The Tale of Genji, was uniquely Japanese.	21
3475154884	Jurchen	Nomadic people from Manchuria; conquered the Khitan empire, overran northern China and captured the Song capital in the early 12th century; ruled north China until 1279 while south China continued under the rule of the Song dynasty	22
3475154885	Kamakura and Muromachi	Two periods of Japanese medieval history, lasting from 1185 to 1573; characterized by the development of feudalism	23
3475154886	Khitan	Seminomadic people from Manchuria; ruled a vast empire stretching from northern Korea to Mongolia from the 10th century; forced the Song court to present large tribute payments of silk and silver in exchange for peace; conquered by the Jurchen in the early 12th century.	24
3475154887	Nam Viet	Chinese term for Vietnam, meaning the "the southern Viet"; became a tributary state of Tang China; gained independence after the fall of the Tang dynasty during the early 10th century.	25
3475154888	Nara Japan	Period of Japanese history lasting from 710 to 794 CE. Inspired by the Tang example, Japanese authorities established a court modeled on that of the Tang, instituted a Chinese style bureaucracy, implemented an equal-field system, provided official support of Confucianism and Buddhism, and built a capital city at Nara that was a replica of the Tang capital at Chang'an	26
3475154889	Neo-Confucianism	Represents new development of Confucianism during the Song dynasty as Chinese intellectuals were increasingly influenced by Buddhist thought. Retained Confucian tradition but became more speculative and philosophical than the early Confucianism; became the basis of the Confucian civil service examination system	27
3475154890	paper money	Printed notes issued by Chinese private banks as currency to facilitate commercial transactions beginning in the late 9th century; by the 11th century, issuing paper money became an exclusive right of the Chinese government	28
3475154891	samurai	Professional warriors of feudal Japan; served provincial lords with their fighting skills; emphasized virtues of loyalty, strength, courage, and a spirit of aggression	29
3475154892	seppuku or hara-kiri	Ritual suicide of disembowelment practiced by japanese samurai to avoid dishonor and humiliation	30
3475154893	shogun	The most powerful regional lord in Japan who assumed leadership under the symbolic authority of the emperor. The title shogun was first used in the Kamakura period (1185-1333 CE)	31
3475154894	Silla	Korean dynasty, ruling from 669 to 935 CE; rallied forces to resist invasion of the Chinese Tang armies during the 7th century; but entered into a tributary relationship with China thereafter and was deeply influenced by the Chinese political and cultural tradition.	32
3475154895	south-pointing needle	Chinese term for magnetic compass; invented and used for naval purposes during the Song dynasty.	33
3475154896	tributary relationship	Unequal relationships between China and surrounding countries; peoples of the neighboring lands would recognize Chinese emperors as their overlords. Envoys from subordinate states would regularly present gifts to Chinese court and perform the kowtow ritual as tokens of their subordination. In return, tributary states received confirmation of their authority as well as lavish gifts from the Chinese court. The system facilitated trade and cultural exchange between China and other countries.	34
3475154897	Uighurs	Nomadic Turkish people; invited by the Tang authorities to suppress An Lushan's revolt in 757; became de facto rulers of the Tang imperial court after the revolt was pacified.	35
3475154898	Harihara and Bukka	Co-founders of Vijayanagar kingdom; official delegates of the sultan in Delhi; renounced Islam, returned to their Hindu faith, and claimed independence in south India in 1336 CE	36
3475154899	Harsha	King of the Harsha kingdom; reigned from 606 to 648 CE; maintained a powerful army and temporarily unified most of north India; enjoyed a reputation for piety, liberal attitude, and scholarship	37
3475154900	Mahmud of Ghazni	Leader of Muslim Turks in Afghanistan; frequently raided north India at the beginning of the 11th century CE; destroyed many Buddhist sites and established mosques or Islamic shrines at the sites of Hindu and Buddhist structures	38
3475154901	Paramesvara	Prince of Sumatra and founder of the Melaka state	39
3475154902	Angkor	Kingdom of southeast Asia; lasted from 889 to 1431 CE; known for its capital city at Angkor Thom, designed as a microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world order.	40
3475154903	bhakti	Religious movement that emerged in southern India during the 12th century CE; originally encouraged traditional piety and devotion to Hindu values, but as the movement spread to the north, it began to incorporate certain Islamic values, especially monotheism and the notion of spiritual equality of all believers.	41
3475154904	Chola	Large kingdom off southern India; ruled the Coromandel coast from 850 to 1267 CE; conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia during the 11 century CE	42
3475154905	dhow	Large commercial ships favored by Indian, Persian and Arab sailors	43
3475154906	Funan	First Indianized kingdom of southeast Asia; dominated the lower reaches of the Mekong River from the 1st through the 6th centuries CE	44
3475154907	Majapahit	Small kingdom on Java, ruled between 1293 and 1520 CE	45
3475154908	Melaka	Powerful kingdom of southeast Asia, based on Malay peninsula; founded during the late 14th century; changed from a Hindu state to an Islamic state during the mid-15th century.	46
3475154909	Sind	Region of the Indus River valley in northwestern India; conquered by the army of the Ummayad caliphate in 711 CE and later became part of the Abbasid empire.	47
3475154910	sultanate of Delhi	State founded by Muslim Turks who conquered northern India at the beginning of the 13th century CE and established their rule, at least in name, for more than three centuries.	48
3475154911	Vijayanagar	Large kingdom of south India, based in northern Deccan; lasted from 1336 to 1565 CE	49