AP World History - Chapter 11 Flashcards
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| 1013243332 | Abbasid caliphate | Dynasty of caliphs who ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads. (pron. ah-BASS-id) | 0 | |
| 1013243333 | al-Andalus | Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early eighth century C.E. (pron. al-AND-ah-loos) | 1 | |
| 1013243334 | Anatolia | Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and that now is the Republic of Turkey. (pron. an-ah-TOLE-ee-yah) | 2 | |
| 1013243335 | Battle of Talas River | Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 C.E. that checked Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam. (pron. tah-las) | 3 | |
| 1013243336 | Bedouins | Nomadic Arabs. (pron. BED-wins) | 4 | |
| 1013243337 | dhimmis | "Protected subjects" under Islamic rule, non-Muslims who were allowed to practice their faith as "people of the book" in return for their paying special taxes. (pron. DIM-ees) | 5 | |
| 1013243338 | al-Ghazali | Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought. (pron. al-gha-ZAHL-ee) | 6 | |
| 1013243339 | hadiths | Traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rank second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law. (pron. hah-DEETHS) | 7 | |
| 1013243340 | hajj | The pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim who is able to make the journey; one of the Five Pillars of Islam. (pron. HAHJ) | 8 | |
| 1013243341 | hijra | The"flight"ofMuhammadandhisoriginalseventyfollowersfromMeccatoYathrib(laterMedina)in622C.E.;thejourney marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar. (pron. HIJ-ruh) | 9 | |
| 1013243342 | House of Wisdom | An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. | 10 | |
| 1013243343 | Ibn Battuta | Fourteenth-century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world. (pron. IB-uhn ba- TOO-tuh) | 11 | |
| 1013243344 | Ibn Sina | One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna," the Latinized form of his name. (pron. ibn SEE- nah) | 12 | |
| 1013243345 | imams | In Shia Islam, leaders with high religious authority; the twelve imams of early Shia Islam were Muhammad's nephew Ali and his descendants. (pron. EE-mahms) | 13 | |
| 1013243346 | jihad | Arabic for "struggle," this term describes both the spiritual striving of each Muslim toward a godly life and armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil. (pron. jee-HAHD) | 14 | |
| 1013243347 | jizya | Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion. (pron. jeez- YAH) | 15 | |
| 1013243348 | Kaaba | Great stone shrine in Mecca that was a major pilgrimage center for worshippers of many different deities before it was reconsecrated to monotheistic use by Muhammad. (pron. KAH-bah) | 16 | |
| 1013243349 | madrassas | Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the eleventh century. (pron. MAH-dras-ahs) | 17 | |
| 1013243350 | Mecca | Key pilgrimage center in Arabia that became the birthplace of Islam. | 18 | |
| 1013243351 | Mozarabs | "Would-be Arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain, referring to Christians who adopted much of Arabic culture and observed many Muslim practices without actually converting to Islam. (pron. MOH-zah-rabs) | 19 | |
| 1013243352 | Muhammad Ibn Abdullah | The Prophet of Islam (570-632 C.E.). | 20 | |
| 1013243353 | Muslim | Literally, "one who submits"; the name was adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to God. | 21 | |
| 1013243354 | Pillars of Islam | The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible). | 22 | |
| 1013243355 | Marco Polo | The most famous European traveler of the Middle Ages (1254-1324), whose travel account of his time in China was widely popular in Europe. | 23 | |
| 1013243356 | Rightly Guided Caliphs | The first four rulers of the Islamic world (632-661) after the death of Muhammad. | 24 | |
| 1013243357 | Quran | Also transliterated as Qur'án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad. (pron. kuh- RAHN) | 25 | |
| 1013243358 | sharia | Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life. (pron. sha-REE-ah) | 26 | |
| 1013243359 | shaykhs | Sufi teachers who attracted a circle of disciples and often founded individual schools of Sufism. (pron. SHAKES) | 27 | |
| 1013243360 | Sikhism | A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539). (pron. SEEK-ism) | 28 | |
| 1013243361 | Sufis | Islamic mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints. (pron. SOO-fees) | 29 | |
| 1013243362 | Sultanate of Delhi | Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206. (pron. DEL-ee) | 30 | |
| 1013243363 | Timbuktu | Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. (pron. tim-buk-TOO) | 31 | |
| 1013243364 | ulama | iIslamic religious scholars.(pron.oo-leh-MAH) | 32 | |
| 1013243365 | Umayyad caliphate | Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 750 C.E. (pron. oo-MY-ad) | 33 | |
| 1013243366 | umma | The community of all believers in Islam. (pron. UM-mah) | 34 |