AP World History: Middle Ages Flashcards
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| 5321624971 | Mese | "Middle Street" was the main thoroughfare (street) of ancient Constantinople. The street was the main scene of Byzantine imperial processions. | 0 | |
| 5321624972 | Blues and Greens | Teams that fought in the Hippodrome and caused major social unrest. Caused social unrest, but also unity to protest taxes. | 1 | |
| 5321624973 | Greek Fire | Greek fire is an incendiary weapon which appears to have been developed around the seventh century. This weapon was extremely devastating, striking fear into the hearts of the enemy and effectively mowing down troops, ships, and other weapons of war. (extremely difficult to put out) | 2 | |
| 5321624974 | Caesaropapism | a political system in which the head of state has authority over the church and all religious matters | 3 | |
| 5321624975 | Hagia Sophia | "Holy Wisdom", a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; From the date of its construction in 537 until 1453, it served as a Greek Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. | 4 | |
| 5321624976 | Theme | The theme system was a method of providing troops for the Byzantine army. It was introduced by the emperor Constans around 650 AD. Citizen farmers were given land to work in return for military service when required. The system was hereditary, so the citizens actually owned the land; however, the obligation for military service was also hereditary, but this meant that the empire had a constant supply of manpower for the military from generation to generation. This system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general, they were created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks, also peasants who joined the army were given plots of land, thereby increasing the free peasant class. | 5 | |
| 5321624977 | Icons | use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Eastern Church and the temporal imperial hierarchy. | 6 | |
| 5321624978 | Bezant | 7 | ||
| 5321624979 | Theodora | Theodora is remembered as one of the first rulers to recognize the rights of women, passing strict laws to prohibit the traffic in young girls and altering the divorce laws to give greater benefits to women. (Justinian's most trusted adviser) | 8 | |
| 5321624980 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome (but at a great cost), initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code. | 9 | |
| 5321624981 | Diocletian | Diocletian, Latin in full Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, original name Diocles (born 245 ce, Salonae?, Dalmatia [now Solin, Croatia]—died 316, Salonae), Roman emperor (284-305 ce), who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy of the 3rd century. His reorganization of the fiscal, administrative, and military machinery of the empire laid the foundation for the Byzantine Empire in the East and temporarily shored up the decaying empire in the West. His reign is also noted for the last great persecution of the Christians. | 10 | |
| 5321624982 | Belisarius | Belisarius, (born c. 505, Germania, Illyria? [Greece]—died March 565), Byzantine general, the leading military figure in the age of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565). As one of the last important figures in the Roman military tradition, he led imperial armies against the Sāsānian empire (Persia), the Vandal kingdom of North Africa, the Ostrogothic regime of Italy, and the barbarian tribes encroaching upon Constantinople. | 11 | |
| 5321624983 | Schism | a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief (Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic) | 12 | |
| 5321624984 | Byzantium | This city was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, a center of trade, and eventually renamed Constantinople | 13 | |
| 5321624985 | Boyars | member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Moscovian, Wallachian and Romanian aristocracies | 14 | |
| 5321624986 | Tribute | 15 | ||
| 5321624987 | Mongols | 16 | ||
| 5321624988 | Ivan the Great | 17 | ||
| 5321624989 | Yaroslav | Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Rus Truth [Law]"). During his lengthy reign, Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power. | 18 | |
| 5321624990 | Cyril | 19 | ||
| 5321624991 | Methodius | 20 | ||
| 5321624993 | Heian Era | (794 - 1185) is considered to be Japan's classical era. The Heian regime took an unusual shape: although the emperor remained important as a symbolic figurehead, he lost his political power to the chancellor, whose duty it was to serve and protect the emperor. In practice, this meant keeping the emperor in seclusion and ruling in his name. In the mid 800s, the Fujiwara clan gained permanent control over the chancellorship, essentially making it Japan's ruling family until the mid - 1100s. | 21 | |
| 5321624994 | Homage | 22 | ||
| 5321624995 | Daimyos | 23 | ||
| 5321624996 | Seppuku | "stomach-or abdomen-cutting," is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved for samurai. | 24 | |
| 5321624997 | Vikings | 25 | ||
| 5321624998 | Gregory II | 26 | ||
| 5321624999 | The Tale of Genji | a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. Notably, the work also illustrates a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers during the Heian period.[1] While regarded as a masterpiece, its precise classification and influence in both the Western and Eastern canons has been a matter of debate. | 27 | |
| 5321625000 | Manor | It was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. Manors might also have woods, orchards, gardens, and lakes or ponds where fish could be found. On the manor lands, usually near the village, one could often find a mill, bakery, and blacksmith. | 28 | |
| 5321625001 | Guilds | 29 | ||
| 5321625002 | Richard the Lionheart | he could be shrewd in matters of politics and was famously skilled on the battlefield. He was also highly cultured and well-educated, and wrote poems and songs. Through most of his life he enjoyed the support and affection of his people, and for centuries after his death, Richard the Lionheart was one of the most popular kings in English history. (1157 - 1199) | 30 | |
| 5321625003 | Charlemagne | 1.(742-814), king of the Franks 768-814 and Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles I) 800-814; Latin name Carolus Magnus; known as Charles the Great. As the first Holy Roman emperor, Charlemagne promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance. | 31 | |
| 5321625004 | Hanseatic League Trade Goods | The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. It dominated Baltic maritime trade along the coast of Northern Europe.The main commodities the League members dealt in were salted cod and herring; wool and linen; wheat and barley; furs, spices, lumber, and minerals. | 32 | |
| 5321625005 | Haiku | 33 | ||
| 5321625006 | Urban II | Pope Urban II encouraged the crusades and ordered them to occur | 34 | |
| 5321625007 | Crusades | holy wars, European crusades began in the 1090s and wreaked havoc on the Middle East, fought to convert non-believers to Catholicism, to crush Christian sects the pope considered heretical, and to combat non-Christian foreigners | 35 | |
| 5321625008 | Bushido | a strict code of loyalty, honor, and bravery "way of the warrior" | 36 | |
| 5321625009 | 3 Field System | a system of crop rotation that was in operation in western Europe by the 9th century. One-third of land was left fallow, one-third planted in spring grains, and one-third in the season's crops such as barley and vegetables | 37 | |
| 5321625010 | Samurai | warrior elite | 38 | |
| 5321625011 | Bakufu | A shogun's office or administration is the shogunate, known in Japanese as the bakufu ,literally "tent office/government"), which originally referred to house of the general and later also suggested a private government under a shogun | 39 | |
| 5321625012 | Marco Polo | 40 | ||
| 5321625013 | Timbuktu | Mali's chief commercial and cultural hub though not its capital. Not only was the city a stopping point for caravans, it became a renowned center of Islamic scholarship, home to key mosques and madrasas. | 41 | |
| 5321625014 | Cairo | 42 | ||
| 5321625015 | Ghana | had existed in the Sahel since the 500s C.E. emerged as a true power between the 800s and 1000s, thanks to its large deposits of gold and its prominent role in trans-Saharan trade. Ghana welcomed Muslim traders, and many individuals adopted Islam, but in the late 1000s, the state's failure to officially convert triggered an invasion from the north by the zealous Almoravid Berbers. Thus brought within the Muslim orbit, Ghana survived as a gold trading state until the 1200s. | 43 | |
| 5321625016 | Mali | Islam came to Mali (mid 1200s too 1600s) with much less violence. Well positioned in the Niger River basin, an important north-south trade route, Mali, like Ghana, was blessed with deposits of gold and other metals. It also traded in salt, ivory, animal skins, and slaves, and emerged as a key point in the trans- Saharan trade network. | 44 | |
| 5321625017 | Mansa Musa | Mali's most powerful ruler (1312 - 1337), a devout Muslim who gained fame throughout Africa and Europe as one of the world's wealthiest monarchs. He centralized the government and expanded trade. His hajj, of pilgrimage to Mecca, was an international sensation, not least because he brought so much gold from Mali, that when he spent it in the Middle East, he singlehandedly caused a major devaluation of gold in the region. | 45 | |
| 5321625018 | Salt | salt was needed to flavor food, preserve meat, used for medical purposes, and to keep the body healthy. But in West Africa, salt was a rare. So, West Africans traded their gold for salt. (Salt was so valuable, it was worth its weight in gold. 1 pound of salt = 1 pound of gold.) | 46 | |
| 5321625019 | When did Japanese feudalism develop? | late 1100s | 47 | |
| 5321625020 | What was pledged in the example of the feudal contract? | 48 | ||
| 5321625021 | "The Way of the Samurai" placed the greatest stress on | 49 | ||
| 5321625022 | Why did agricultural production in feudal Europe increase? | 50 | ||
| 5321625023 | When did trade and urbanization resume in feudal Europe? | 51 | ||
| 5321625024 | Describe the guilds of the High Middle Ages. | 52 | ||
| 5321625025 | Which reform in Heian Japan caused the greatest resentment from the aristocracy? | The family's pursuit of cultural refinement and their preoccupation with court politics led them to neglect military affairs and too delegate them to warrior clans. | 53 | |
| 5321625026 | Describe intellectual activity of the early Middle Ages in Europe. | 54 | ||
| 5321625027 | The victory of the Minamoto marks the beginning of what period in Japanese history? | medieval feudalism | 55 | |
| 5321625028 | From the video on Sub- Saharan Africa, early European settlers to Southern Africa what views about the ancient cultures of the areas? | 56 | ||
| 5321625029 | What was the focus of the trade routes of the city of Jenne's? | Jenne became a great center of trade in gold, slaves, and salt. | 57 | |
| 5321625030 | Describe Mansa Musa's hajj. | 58 | ||
| 5321625031 | The primary entrepot for West Africa under Mansa Musa. | 59 | ||
| 5321625032 | Describe the Trans -Saharan slave trade. | 60 | ||
| 5321625033 | The west African item of trade that most interested Europeans was | 61 | ||
| 5321625034 | What is the most likely reason for the slow decline of the slave trade out of West Africa from 1100 to 1500? | 62 | ||
| 5321625035 | Describe the city of Timbuktu c. 1100. | 63 | ||
| 5321625036 | Why did the African slave trade grow during the 12th century? | 64 | ||
| 5321625037 | What were the rules for slaves held by Muslims? | 65 | ||
| 5321625038 | The arrival of what animal in North Africa quickened the pace of trade and communication? | 66 | ||
| 5321625039 | Describe the Koumbi- Sahel, the capital of Ghana. | 67 | ||
| 5321625040 | The word "Swahili" means | a Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries | 68 | |
| 5321625041 | What was the role of Islam on the Swahili Coast? | 69 | ||
| 5321625042 | Miners in Zimbabwe were paid in | 70 | ||
| 5321625043 | Who was the founder of the Kingdom of Mali? | founded as a strong state by the conquering chieftain Sundiata | 71 | |
| 5321625044 | The Crusades began after Byzantine request for aid | 72 | ||
| 5321625045 | Feudal governments were centralized or decentralized? Proof? | 73 | ||
| 5321625046 | Describe the relations between vassal and lord. | the lord gives a portion of his land to a vassal which is a knight; to provide military support and protection, before doing his duty the vassal swears an oath to be loyal to a particular lord and in turn the lord grant the vassal a portion of his land and riches. If a vassal manages to serve two lords who happened to wage a battle then the vassal must continue to serve both by sending half of his men to battle for the rival lord and the other half of his men to the other opposing lord. Disloyalty results in death. | 74 | |
| 5321625047 | Who brought Chinese influence to Japan? | 75 | ||
| 5321625048 | How did the Crusades affect commerce? | 76 |