AP World History Chapter 10 Flashcards

5622204452	Middle Ages	The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.	0
5622204453	gothic	An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.	1
5622204454	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.	2
5622204455	Manorialism	System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.	3
5622204456	Serfs	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.	4
5622204457	Moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.	5
5622204481	Black Death	Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	6
5622204464	Feudalism	Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service	7
5622204465	Vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	8
5622204459	Clovis	: King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	9
5622204485	Benedict of Nursia	(480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.	10
5622204460	Carolingians	Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries	11
5622204461	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.	12
5622204462	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 800	13
5622204463	Holy Roman emperors	Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	14
5622204489	First Crusade	(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem	15
5622204458	Three-field system	One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility.	16
5622204486	Three estates	The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.	17
5622204467	William the Conqueror	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	18
5622248872	investiture	the action of formally investing a person with honors or rank	19
5622204470	Hundred Years War	Conflict between England and France (1337-1453).	20
5622204471	Pope Urban II	Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	21
5622255844	cluny	is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, in eastern France. It is 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mâcon.	22
5622204473	Gregory VII	11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops	23
5622204474	Peter Abelard	Author of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	24
5622204475	St. Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities	25
5622204476	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.	26
5622204480	Guilds	Associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities	27
5622204477	Scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems	28
5622204479	Hanseatic League	An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	29
5622204468	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.	30
5622204469	Parliaments	Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals	31