AP World History Flashcards

5691125837	Kinship group	Several related families that moved together in search of food	0
5691132432	Patriarchal	Societies ruled by men	1
5691142246	Social stratification	System by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	2
5691187009	Caste System	Social hierarchy in India	3
5691190276	Jericho	One of humankind's first cities	4
5691190277	Catal Huyuk Kingdoms	Well-preserved remains have helped modern people understand life long ago	5
5691194166	Sumerians	A group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, created the civilization of Sumer	6
5691219946	Phoenicians	Developed trade network across Mediterranean, Carthage, developed alphabetic script	7
5691223475	New Kingdom	Period in Egypt when Egyptians were able to defeat Hyksos, expansion, Ramses the Great, repeated invasions, internal revolts	8
5691226513	Hyksos	Pastoral nomadic people, used horse-drawn chariots and bow and arrows to defeat Egyptians	9
5691226514	Hittities	One of the many invaders of Egypt, had a military advantage over Egyptians because of use of iron tools and weapons	10
5691255534	Chavin Civilization	Chavin de Huantar, irrigation systems, impressive techniques concerning metallurgy, weak political structure	11
5691255535	Olmec	Primarily agricultural, developed near water, enormous monuments human heads. large earthen pyramids, developed calendar, numbering system containing zero, first system of writing in Americas	12
5691260749	Mayan	Slash-and-burn agriculture, terraced fields, irrigation systems, city-states each ruled by king, paid tribute, human sacrifice, Chichen Itza, writing akin to hieroglyphics	13
5691267511	King Menes	United Upper and Lower Egypt, established capital at Memphis	14
5691271762	Pharaoh	King or queen leading the government in Egypt	15
5691281270	Xia Dynasty	Legendary dynasty in China	16
5691281271	Shang Dynasty	Founder: Tang, economy was primarily based on agriculture, polytheistic, ancestor veneration, pictographs, standard system of writing, brought down by rebellions	17
5691286151	Mandate of Heaven	Idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods in China, started by Zhou	18
5691286152	Zhou Dynasty	China's first Golden Age, Mandate of Heaven, divided kingdom into many regions, began using iron weapons in China, copper coins, development of iron technology, urbanization, crossbow, brought down by rebellions	19
5691294197	Mesopotamia	Area between Tigris and Euphrates river, "the cradle of civilizations, flooding would result in fertilization of soils	20
5691355995	Egypt	Based around Nile River, irrigation canals, relied Nile for transportation, spilt into 3 periods, social hierarchy, polytheistic, mummification, hieroglyphics, number system based on 10	21
5691371095	Indus River Valley	River valley in India	22
5691397120	Huang He (Yellow)	One of the two major rivers in China, loess made the river yellow	23
5691400695	Yangzi River	One of the two major river in China, longer of the two, a.k.a. Chiang Jiang	24
5691405317	Mesoamerica	One of the most important plant was maize, the Chavin, the Olmec, the Moche, the Aztecs, and the Mayans, produced some the greatest civilizations	25
5691429326	Paleolithic	Humans used stone tools and weapons, the Stone Age, control of fire, hunter-foragers, less patriarchal than later societies	26
5691437883	Neolithic Revolution	Set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture, nomadic pastoralism,	27
5691493404	Animism	Belief that animals, rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits	28
5691493405	Shamans	People believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future	29
5691511829	Ziggurat	Temples and altars in large stepped pyramids	30
5691706563	Vedas	Collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs, "knowledge",	31
5691736409	The Epic of Gilgamesh	Oldest written story on earth, historians know something about the people who lived in the land between the rivers and what they valued	32
5691736410	Hammurabi's Code	Set of laws, "an eye for an eye", main purpose was to protect people's rights	33
5691740454	Cuneiform	World's first system of writing, consisted of marks on wet clay tablets	34
5691743058	Hieroglyphics	Picture-writing in Egypt, symbols that represented ideas or sounds	35
5691753281	Upanishads	Collection of religious thought that illuminated several new religious concepts, foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	36
5691764379	Book of Songs	Oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, traditionally said to have been compiled by Confucius	37
5691772505	Specialization of Labor	Process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	38
5691795867	Metallurgy	Science of the study of metals	39
5691799622	Agriculture	Practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	40
5691804689	Nomadic Pastoralism	Based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	41
5696768202	Patrician	Wealthy landowners in Rome	42
5696768203	Plebian	Poor people in Rome	43
5696775589	Cyrus the Great	Conquered most land of all Persian kings	44
5696782306	Darius I	Divided conquered lands into provinces, made Persepolis the capital of Persian empire, created position of satrap, instituted regular tax payments, added efficient courier service along Royal Road, common currency	45
5696782307	Xerxes	Fought against Greeks in Peloponnesian War, won Battle of Thermopylae	46
5696788179	Alexander the Great	Extended Greek influence all the way to India, tutored by Aristotle	47
5696792377	Pericles	Instituted Golden Age in Athens, built Parthenon, credited with reforms to government	48
5696792855	Constantine	Declared Christianity legal in the Edict of Milan, first Christian emperor	49
5696805473	Democracy	Government ruled by the people	50
5696805474	Direct Democracy	Government in which all citizens could vote directly on laws and other issues in a large assembly	51
5696809807	Republic	Government of elected officials	52
5696810428	Law of Twelve Tables	Written laws in the full view of the public, dealt with almost every aspect of life	53
5696811153	Spartacus Rebellion	One of the largest slave revolts in history, led by Roman slave named Spartacus	54
5696826005	Julius Caesar	Aristocrat whose strength was based on his support from the common people, became sole consul, killed in the "Ides of March"	55
5696826450	Pax Romana	Roman peacetime	56
5696833077	Edict of Milan	Declared Christianity legal in Roman empire	57
5696845205	Mycenae	Minoan city, on mainland of Greece, presence of amber was testimony to trade	58
5697924590	Persian Wars	War between Persian empire and Greek city-states	59
5697983223	Qanat System	Persian underground canals, used to reduce the evaporation of the water as it traveled to the fields	60
5697989016	Jesus of Nazareth	Challenged traditional leaders and was regarded as a troublemaker by Roman officials	61
5697992403	Peter	Important in spreading the ideas of Jesus and shaping Christianity, regarded by Roman Catholics as first pople	62
5697993507	Paul	Jew who has sudden, dramatic conversion to Christianity, educated in the Hellenistic tradition if argument and tradition	63
5697996712	Christianity	Distinct form of Judaism, most popular among the urban poor, slaves, and women throughout the Roman Empire	64
5697998758	Herodotus	Greek historian, wrote The Histories	65
5698003166	Plato	Student of Socrates, opened The Academy, wrote The Republic, "philosopher kings"	66
5698003167	Aristotle	Student of Plato, tutor of Alexander the Great,emphasized gaining knowledge through empiricism, focused on logic, wrote Poetics	67
5698013568	Socrates	Emphasis on asking questions, Socratic Method, put to death by Athenian government for questioning the the state religion	68
5698019319	Zoroastrianism	Focused on the eternal battle between two forces, good and evil, founded by Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda, the Avestas	69
5698019320	Islam	Allah, Quran, Five Pillars, founder was Muhammad	70
5698022378	Royal Road	Most famous of the network of roads built to encourage trade in Persian empire, efficient courier with postal stations	71
5698025227	Brahmins	Overarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth in Hinduism	72
5698027860	Kshatriyas	Warrior class of caste system	73
5698027899	Vaishyas	Merchants and artisans of caste system in India	74
5698031124	Untouchables	Performed the most unpleasant work in society, touching them would supposedly pollute members of the castes	75
5698035940	Ashoka Maury	Most celebrated of all Mauryan rulers, originally a ferocious warrior, convert of Buddhism, Rock and Pillar Edicts	76
5698056334	Gupta Dynasty	Second major Indian dynasty, Silk Roads, divided empire into provinces, main religion was Hinduism, downfall due to White Huns	77
5698060288	Mauryan Dynasty	Empire was divided into provinces, Ashoka Maurya, Pataliputra, downfall due to weak rulers after Ashoka	78
5698063963	White Huns	Nomads from the northwest, brought final downfall of the Gupta dynsasty	79
5698063964	Han Dynasty	Founder was Han Wudi, civil service exam, used Silk Roads, trade with Roman Empire, Pax Sinica, , Yellow Turban Rebellion	80
5698074498	Shihuangdi	First emperor of China, created a very centralized state with all the government under his personal control	81
5698077069	Yellow Turban Rebellion	Peasant uprising in China, named for rebels distinctive headwear	82
5698077070	Monsoon	Essential to trading in the Indian Ocean, merchants had to time voyages carefully	83
5698081077	Jainism	Founded by Mahavir Jain, drew religion on Hinduism, took steps to do no harm	84
5698091294	Buddhism	Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, sought enlightenment, Four Noble Truths, goal was to detach oneself from worldly affairs	85
5698096774	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism, thought life was unfulfilled, became Buddha	86
5698100299	Four Noble Truths	Buddhist doctrines 1. All life involves great suffering 2. All suffering stems from desires for worldly pleasure and things 3. Suffering can end when one eliminates all of one's earthly desires 4. Desire can be eliminated by following Buddhism's eight-fold path	87
5698106019	Bhagavad Gita	One of the most important writings in the Hindu tradition	88
5698106020	Nirvana	Peaceful state in the afterlife in Buddhism	89
5698112561	Confucius	Founder of Confucianism, followers were called Analects, Golden Rule	90
5698116663	Confucianism	Became the most important unit in Chinese society, father was head of household. Founded by Confucius	91
5698116664	Daoism	Founded by Laozi, followers seek happiness and wisdom by the way of the path	92
5698119348	Dao De Jing	Followers gathered Laozi's ideas to gathered, The Classic Way and the Virtue	93
5698119349	Laozi	Founder of Daoism, also called Old Master	94
5698257629	Inca	Empire was split into four provinces, conquered leaders who demonstrated loyalty were rewarded, royal ancestor veneration, "people of the sun", human sacrifices, quipu, waru waru conquered by Spain	95
5698273081	Black Death	Plague introduced to Europe through trade routes , drastically reduced population, bubonic plague	96
5698273082	Little Ice Age	Lower temperatures reduced agricultural productivity, people had less trade, cities grow more slowly	97
5698277169	Chinampas	Floating gardens used by Aztecs, increased amount of space for food production	98
5698280080	Hagia Sophia	Christian church, large dome, became focal point of city's architecture, built by Justinian	99
5698280082	Schism	Separation that split the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Southeastern and Russia	100
5698284248	Eastern Orthodox Church	Formed after the Great Schism, religion of Byzantine Empire	101
5698294049	Five Pillars	Muslim core set obligations 1. Believing in only one God-Allah 2. Praying five times daily 3. Giving alms to the poor 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca once a lifetime	102
5698297018	Caliph	Head of state, first was Abu Bakr, responsible for guiding Islamic world in accordance with the dictates of the Quran	103
5698300521	Dar-al- Islam	All of Islamic culture	104
5698306222	Omar Khayyam	Persian scholar,, widely considered to be one of the most influential thinkers of the Middle Ages.	105
5698306246	Ibn Battuta	Made commentary of Mali society, well versed in Islamic law, made it clear that African societies had adopted Islam	106
5698317048	Shotoku Taishi	Attempted to implement Chinese practices in Japan, prince of Japan, wrote constitution that consolidated power for all of Japan in one ruler, hired skilled Chinese laborers	107
5698331674	Vernacular Language	Latin dialects	108
5698331675	Renaissance	Revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, civic virtue, and culture, humanism, started in Florence	109
5698355024	Waru Waru	Raised beds with channels that captured and redirected rain to avoid erosion during floods and that stored water to be used during dry periods	110
5698355025	Trans-Saharan Trade	Nomadic communities conducted some trade across Sahara, volume of trade increased with the arrival of Islamic merchants	111
5698359934	Fast-ripening Rice	Added to Chinese agricultural surpluses, native to northern Vietnam	112
5698363692	Proto-industrialization	A phase that precedes and enables full industrialization later, came under Song dynasty in China	113
5698363693	Flying Cash	System of credit, allowed merchant to deposit paper money under his name in one location and withdraw the same amount in a different location, became model of the banks in the modern era	114
5698371938	Manorial System	Provided both economic self-sufficiency and defense, manor grounds were small cities	115
5698376901	Henseatic League	Commercial alliance between northern Germany and Scandinavia, member cities were able to drive out pirates and monopolize trade goods	116
5698376902	Marco Polo	Best-known long-distance travel of the Mongol times, traveled with father and uncle to Kublai Khan's court	117
5698381918	Pochteca	Special merchant class in Aztec empire, traded in luxury goods	118
5746406241	Teotihuacan		119
5746414165	Mayan Civilization		120