AP World History Flashcards

5778049012	prehistory	the time preceding human civilization	0
5778052782	the world's seven continents	Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica, Australia, North America, South America	1
5886286510	Africa	birthplace of humanity	2
5886286512	Asia	largest and most populous	3
5937965968	Asia's subregions	Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia	4
5886288649	Europe	resource-rich, mild and temperate in climate	5
5886292990	Australia	the smallest continent	6
5937962496	Oceania	the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean that form no continent, but along with Australia are referred to as	7
5886294928	Antarctica	no native population	8
5886304484	"Out of Africa" thesis	theory that modern humans (homo sapiens) arose in East Africa around 200,000 years ago and migrated outward	9
5886314371	Stone Age	the first period of human history	10
5886337149	animism	a belief system in which all things in the natural world are thought to be animated by spirits	11
5886379157	agriculture	domestication of plants	12
5886379171	metallurgy	extracting metal from a raw ore	13
5886380624	metalsmithing	shaping metal into tools	14
5886424857	empires	states that expand by means of military conquest	15
5887305403	papyrus	plant-based, paper-like substance	16
5887326376	feudalism	a form of rulership in which a weak monarch loosely governs a number of decentralized and militarized political units	17
5887332621	Mandate of Heaven	the idea that as long as a leader governed wisely, he could claim a divine right to rule	18
5887395129	monarchy	rule by a single person	19
5887395130	oligarchy	rule by the few	20
5887395888	hierarchy	a culture's system of ranking social classes	21
5887396913	social mobility	an individual to moving from one class to another	22
5887398918	serfdom	an institution similar to slavery that compelled peasants to labor for the owners of the land they lived on	23
5894877348	gunpowder empires	Ottoman Turkey, Safavid Persia, and Mughal India	24
5894951932	shaminism	believes in human spirit guides	25
5894998877	nation-states	political units with relatively fixed borders, a sense of national unity, and populations that were largely homogeneous in terms of language and ethnicity	26
5903819947	Marco Polo	a traveler who told tales of wealth in eastern locales like China, the Indies, and Japan. This whetted the European appetites.	27
5904311691	Ferdinand Magellan	a Portuguese mariner who sailed on behalf of Spain and was the leader of the first circumnavigation of the globe.	28
5904128563	Vasco de Gama	first European to reach India by sea	29
5904355639	maritime empires	overseas colonies fully under the mother country's control	30
5904374810	conquistadors	generals who brought huge parts of North and South America under Spanish control	31
5904381639	trading-post empire	what Spain and Portugal built in East	32
5904787322	Hernan Cortes	waged effective and brutal campaign against the Aztecs	33
5904794831	Francisco Pizarro	destroyed the Incans	34
5904880584	viceroyalty	"in place of the king"	35
5905546668	Dutch East India Company	a joint-stock enterprise founded in 1602 that administered operations in Indonesia, a colony of the Dutch	36
5905602048	British East India Company	the England founded this to manage economic and military relations with South and Southeast Asia	37
5925840242	Bering Expedition	a scientific venture organized by the Russian government that surveyed the waters separating Siberia from North America	38
5926033887	doctrine of divine right	the monarch reigns by the will of God. (similar to the Mandate of Heaven)	39
5926035022	parliamentarism	the ruler governed with a lawmaking body appointed by the aristocracy or elected by one or all of the people	40
5926040646	English Bill of Rights	curtailed the powers of the monarch and made Parliament dominant in the English political system	41
5937994337	Neolithic Revolution	New Stone Age where earthshaking important changes were made (birth to pastoralism, and agriculture)	42
5938438039	devshirme system	recruited civil servants and elite troops	43
5938438056	janissaries	musketeer infantry	44
5938439112	millet system	sorted and administered non-Muslims according to their religious categories (millet=each religious minority)	45
5938441873	jizya	unbeliever's tax	46
5940202216	boers	Dutch colonists	47
5940578925	shoguns	military rulers who wielded power on behalf of the symbolically important, but politically impotent emperor	48
5940797093	military revolution	the process by which nations fully incorporated gunpowder weaponry into their way of war (1500-1700)	49
5941942862	hegemony	overarching power, but local autonomy	50
5954796514	Theravada	old Buddhism school of thought that emphasized simplicity and meditation. more popular in South Asia	51
5954799987	Mahayana	another Buddhism denomination that stressed rituals, deities, and concepts after life. predominated in East Asia	52
5954805714	imamas	the teachings of 12 religious authorities in Islam	53
5954835463	Sunni	believe the four caliphs are rightful religious leaders	54
5954837820	Shiite	believe that Ali is the only successful leadr	55
5955196860	Lutheranism	the first of Europe's major Protestant denominations	56
5955224190	salvation by grace	the belief that only God's forgiveness could bring a worshipper to heaven	57
5973657653	Enlightenment	a philosophical and intellectual movement that put full confidence in the power of rational thought to solve social and political problems and to understand the wider world	58
5973819969	griots	professional storytellers in West Africa	59
5973825654	Palace of Versailles	France	60
5973827521	Blue Mosque	Middle East (Turkey)	61
5989707362	monopoly charters	those given the charter assumed the costs and risks of exploration or trade that required long voyaging. In return, they enjoyed exclusive rights to profit from new territories or markets	62
5989710505	joint-stock companies	allowed investors to pool their funds and receive a share of the profit based on the size of their investment	63
5989794464	privateering	the licensing of captains who owned their vessels privately to capture enemy ships or raid enemy ports	64
5989860538	mercantilism	viewed all other nations as rivals and aimed to be self-sufficient. believed that state control over all economic activity desirable and viewed colonies as economic extensions of the mother country	65
5989865235	proto-industrialization	a noticeable rise in machine-assisted production, cottage industry, and other forms of manufacturing	66
5989866412	capitalism	emphasized free trade and argued for less state control over the economy	67
5989878167	cash-crop agriculture	sugarcane, cotton, coffee	68
5989904586	conscription	as states centralized, larger armies drafted more serfs and peasants	69
5989932954	nobles of the robe	civil servants who were ennobled by Louis himself and who therefore owed their status to the king rather than own family tree	70
5990032523	chattel slavery	the outright ownership of human beings as personal property	71
5990043544	encomienda system	declared all American natives to be Spanish subjects	72
5990047630	plantation monoculture	intensive cultivation of a single crop on large estates, haciendas	73
5990081264	anti-semitism	hostility towards Jews	74
6048479277	Legalism	sense of humans having evil that needed to be restrained through Confucianism and a set of moral acts (Qin dynasty)	75
6048479278	tributary system	exacting payment from neighboring states (Han dynasty)	76
6050561065	city-states	concentrated on cities, not empire, but powerful enough to have colonies, tended to be next to big bodies of water	77
6050600836	republic	a state without a monarch and one in which all or most adult citizens (in premodern times only males) play some role	78
6058009774	syncretism	blending of religions	79
6101665093	galleys	oared ships with small square sails that were suitable for coastal navigation (short distance). They were used in the Mediterranean trade route	80
6183732060	serfs	peasants who were not technically slaves but were tied to a feudal lord's land and had no right to change profession or residence without permission	81
6183735733	knights	elite armored cavalry	82
6183842793	Magna Carta	guaranteed the nobility certain rights and privileges	83
6184311878	the theme system	Byzantium granted land to soldiers serving in frontier zones	84
6215529058	Neo-Confucianism	reinforced China's cultural tendency toward hierarchy and obedience, important unifying factor in China	85
6216910134	ayllu	commoner clans among the Aztecs that cooperated to fulfill the labor obligations they owed to the elites	86
6216914342	guilds	Medieval labor union	87
6228596502	medieval climatic optimum	(800-1300) warming trend that affected migration	88
6259489107	Atlantic revolutions	(1700s-1810s) American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Rebellion, Latin American Wards of Independence	89
6269351103	the Estates General	a national assembly of delegates from each estate who were to meet with Louis XVI on May 1789	90
6269594993	the Committee of Public Safety	The Jacobins created this executive body which assumed dictatorial powers and attempted the radical transformation of French society	91
6280174357	economic imperialism	pressuring weaker nations to offer favorable trade terms rather than outright colonization	92
6280212266	the Eastern Question	(late 1800s) how to fill the power vacuum caused in the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean by the Ottoman Empire's steady decline	93
6280217085	the Great Game	(late 1800s) the collision of British and Russian spheres of influence in Central Asia	94
6280221479	the Scramble for Africa	(late 1800s) the rush to subjugate the entire continent between the 1880s and the 1910s	95
6280310462	Otto von Bismarck	a cautious diplomat and key architect of the European balance of power who was dismissed by Wilhelm II, a rash and impatient emperor	96
6280601499	the Dreyfus Affair	(1894-1906) the army and the government falsely blamed a Jewish officer for the leaking of military secrets to Germany	97
6281434826	reaction	attempting to minimize change or even undo what had transpired during the years of revolution	98
6281493017	Ausgleich of 1867	granted equal status to Hungarians	99
6309316672	the Crimean War	Turks v. Russians- b/c Russia suddenly annexed Ottoman provinces	100
6309324896	the Balkan Crisis	Bulgarians, Serbs, and others revolted against economically harsh policies	101
6446806160	Schlieffen Plan	a daring gamble the Germans made which sent 75% of army to France, hoping for a quick victory, then to focus on Russia, where 25% of army will go	102
6446811820	Spring Offensive	Spring, 1918: Germans stake everything on this when they're losing	103
6446904423	Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points	he hoped to prevent all war in the future, and called for freedom of the seas, an end to secret treaties, arms reduction, decolonization, rearrangement of borders according to "self-determination" of national groups, establishment of League of Nations	104
6447003667	four empires destroyed after WWI	Germany's Reich, Habsburg Austria, tsarist Russia, Ottoman Empire	105