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APES Ch. 16 & 17 Flashcards

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9814703749WasteMaterial outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed.0
9814703750Municipal solid waste (MSW)Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and institutions.1
9814703751Waste streamThe flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.2
9814703752Reduce, reuse, recycleA popular phrase promoting the idea of diverting materials from the waste stream. Also known as The three Rs.3
9814703753The three RsA popular phrase promoting the idea of diverting materials from the waste stream. Also known as Reduce, reuse, recycle.4
9814703754Source reductionAn approach to waste management that seeks to cut waste by reducing the use of potential waste materials in the early stages of design and manufacture.5
9814703755ReuseUsing a product or material that was intended to be discarded.6
9814703756RecyclingThe process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected and converted into raw material that is then used to produce new objects.7
9814703757Closed-loop recyclingRecycling a product into the same product.8
9814703758Open-loop recyclingRecycling a product into a different product.9
9814703759CompostingCreation of organic matter (humus) by decomposition under controlled conditions to produce an organic-rich material that enhances soil structure, cation exchange capacity, and fertility.10
9814703760LeachateLiquid that contains elevated levels of pollution as a result of having passed through municipal solid waste (MSW) or contaminated soil.11
9814703761Sanitary landfillAn engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW) with little contamination of the surrounding environment as possible.12
9814703762Tipping feeA fee charged for the disposing of material in a landfill or incinerator.13
9814703763SitingThe designation of a landfill location, typically through a regulatory process involving studies, written reports, and public hearings.14
9814703764IncinerationThe process of burning waste material to reduce the volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity and heat.15
9814703765AshThe residual nonorganic material that does not combust during incineration.16
9814703766Bottom ashResidue collected at the bottom of the combustion chamber in a furnace.17
9814703767Fly ashThe residue collected from the chimney or exhaust pipe of a furnace.18
9814703768Waste-to-energyA system in which heat generated by incineration is used as an energy source rather than released into the atmosphere.19
9814703769Hazardous wasteLiquid, solid, gaseous, or sludge waste material that is harmful to humans or ecosystems.20
9814703770Superfund ActThe common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA); a 1980 U.S. federal act that imposes a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries, funds the cleanup of abandoned and nonoperating hazardous waste sites, and authorizes the federal government to respond directly to the release or threatened release of substances that may pose a threat to human health or the environment.21
9814703771BrownfieldsContaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded.22
9814703772Life-cycle analysisA systems tool that looks at the materials used and released throughout the lifetime of a product-from the procurement of new materials through their manufacture, use, and disposal. Also known as Cradle-to-grave analysis.23
9814703773Cradle-to-grave analysisA systems tool that looks at the materials used and released throughout the lifetime of a product-from the procurement of new materials through their manufacture, use, and disposal. Also known as Life-cycle analysis.24
9814703774Integrated waste managementAn approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of municipal solid waste (MSW).25
9814703775DiseaseAny impaired function of the body with a characteristic set of symptoms.26
9814703776Infectious diseaseA disease caused by a pathogen.27
9814703777Acute diseaseA disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism.28
9814703778Chronic diseaseA disease that slowly impairs the functioning of an organism.29
9814703779EpidemicA situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in a disease.30
9814703780PandemicAn epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region.31
9814703781PlagueAn infectious disease caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) that is carried by fleas.32
9814703782MalariaAn infectious disease caused by one of several species of protists in the genus Plasmodium.33
9814703783TuberculosisA highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily infects the lungs.34
9814703784Emergent infectious diseaseAn infectious disease that has not been previously described or has not been common for at least 20 years.35
9814703785Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)An infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).36
9814703786Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)A type of virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).37
9814703787Ebola hemorrhagic feverAn infectious disease with high death rates, caused by the Ebola virus.38
9814703788Mad cow diseaseA disease in which prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cow's nervous system.39
9814703789PrionA small, beneficial protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen.40
9814703790Swine fluA type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus.41
9814703791Bird fluA type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus.42
9814703792Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)A type of flu caused by a coronavirus.43
9814703793West Nile virusA virus that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes.44
9814703794NeurotoxinA chemical that disrupts the nervous system of animals.45
9814703795CarcinogenA chemical that causes cancer.46
9814703796MutagenA type of carcinogen that causes damage to the genetic material of a cell.47
9814703797TeratogenA chemical that interferes with the normal development of embryos or fetuses.48
9814703798AllergenA chemical that causes allergic reactions.49
9814703799Endocrine disruptorA chemical that interferes with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal's body.50
9814703800Dose-response studyA study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction.51
9814703801Acute studyAn experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration.52
9814703802Chronic studyAn experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration.53
9814703803LD50The lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response-study.54
9814703804Sublethal effectThe effect of an environmental hazard that is not lethal, but which may impair an organism's behavior, physiology, or reproduction.55
9814703805ED50The effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a does-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect.56
9814703806Retrospective studyA study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past.57
9814703807Prospective studyA study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future.58
9814703808Synergistic interactionA situation in which two risks together cause more harm than expected based on the separate effects of each risk alone.59
9814703809Route of exposureThe way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard.60
9814703810SolubilityHow well a chemical dissolves in a liquid.61
9814703811BioaccumulationAn increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time.62
9814703812BiomagnificationThe increase in chemical concentration in animal tissue as the chemical moves up the food chain.63
9814703813PersistenceThe length of time a chemical remains in the environment.64
9814703814Environmental hazardAnything in the environment that can potentially cause harm.65
9814703815Innocent-until-proven-guilty principleA principle based on the belief that a potential hazard should not be considered an actual hazard until scientific data definitively demonstrates that it actually causes harm.66
9814703816Precautionary principleA principle based on the belief that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard.67
9814703817Stockholm ConventionA 2001 agreement among 127 nations concerning 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced.68
9814703818REACHA 2007 agreement among the nations of the European Union about regulation of chemicals; the acronym stands for registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals.69
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