Pre-AP Biology Midterm Flashcards

8439298430	Science	An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world	0
8439298433	Biology	The study of life	1
8439298434	Quantitative Data	Data measured with numbers	2
8439298435	Qualitative Data	Data measured by descriptions	3
8439298436	Observation	Using your five senses to obtain information	4
8439298437	Interference	Making a conclusion from an observation or evidence	5
8439298438	Scientific Method steps	1.) Make and observation 2.) Form a question 3.) Form a hypothesis 4.) Conduct an experiment 5.) Analyse and draw a conclusion	6
8439428345	Controlled Experiment	Experiment in which only one variable is changed	7
8439463003	What are the variables in a controlled experiment	Independent, Dependent, and Controlled	8
8441215812	Independent Variable	A variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable	9
8441241900	Dependent variable	The event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed	10
8439482905	Control Group	A group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested is not exposed	11
8439498183	Characteristics of Life	1.) Responsiveness to the environment 2.) Growth and change 3.) Ability to reproduce 4.) Have a metabolism and breathe 5.) Maintain homeostasis 6.) Being made of cells 7.) Passing traits onto offspring	12
8439532562	Unicellular Organism	Prokaryotic (Single celled so it has one function)	13
8439533967	Multi-cellular Organism	Eukaryotic (Different cells that perform different functions)	14
8439563657	Sexual Reproduction vs Asexual Reprodution	Asexual is the creation of offspring from a single person and does not involve the joining of gametes, while sexual does and results in the creation of a being that is unique	15
8439576656	Growth	Permanent increase in size and dry mass of an organism	16
8439584336	Development	Increase in complexity of an organism	17
8439621457	Macromolecule	Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	18
8439621458	Polymer	Chain-like molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	19
8439670870	Dehydration Synthesis	Two or more smaller molecules are combined to form 1 larger molecule	20
8439670871	Hydrolysis	One large molecule is broken apart with H₂O to form two or more smaller molecules	21
8439684287	Describe the three main functions of carbohydrates	1.) Short-term energy storage (source of energy for cells) 2.) Provide structure in plants, some animals, and other organisms 3.) Provide energy through oxidation	22
8439707141	Describe the formula of a monosaccharide	They have the general molecular formula- (CH2O)n, where n can be 3, 5 or 6	23
8439769140	Cellulose	A polysaccharide made up of beta glucose monomers	24
8439890006	Chitin	a structural polysaccharide in exoskeleton of bugs, crustaceans, etc.	25
8439914384	How are lipids distinguishable from all the other macromolecules	Lipids aren't soluble in water and they don't form long sequences made up of similar or repeating smaller units	26
8439957933	Why are lipids considered macromolecules, not polymers	Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids	27
8439987059	Describe the three main types of fats and oils	It provides energy, absorbs certain nutrients and maintains your core body temperature	28
8440070536	Triglyceride structure	made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids	29
8440093164	Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats	Saturated: solid at room temperature and has no double bonds between carbon atoms Unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature and has at least one double bond between carbon atoms (Lowers risk of heart disease)	30
8440134441	Phospholipid	makes up your cell membranes and is critical to a cell's ability to function.	31
8440148335	How do phospholipids vary from triglycerides	triglyceride contains three fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone, while a phospholipid has two fatty acids plus a phosphate group attached to the glycerol	32
8440224577	Explain how phospholipids align themselves to form cell membranes	Phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer	33
8440241171	Describe the function of a hormone	They control and coordinate activities throughout the body	34
8440394869	What happens when you have too much cholesterol in the blood?	It starts to build up in the arteries called atherosclerosis	35
8440427977	Explain why there can be 100,000 different proteins but only 20 amino acids	Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids	36
8440462287	Polypeptide Formation	a single linear chain of many amino acids, held together by amide bonds. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides (more than about 50 amino acids long)	37
8440503613	What are the six main functions of proteins	1.) Structural Support 2.) Movement 3.) Signal Transduction 4.) Binding 5.) Molecule transport across membranes 6.) Catalysis	38
8440515683	What are the names of the 4 levels of protein structure	primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure	39
8440540694	what are some examples of a protein that has multiple subunits	hemoglobin, DNA polymerase, and ion channels	40
8440622499	Explain what enzyme action is and why every enzyme doesn't fit every substrate	One molecule of the enzyme can cause a million molecules of carbon dioxide to react in one second and a substrate will only fit an active site of particular enzyme	41
8440647438	DNA vs RNA	DNA: double-stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, contains thymine RNA: single-stranded, has ribose sugar, contains uracil	42
8440684711	Explain the significance of base pairing and how purines and pyrimidines are integral	The base pairing rule states that adenine pairs only with thymine and guanine pairs only with cytosine, and Purine bases bond to pyrimidine bases	43
8440714246	Why is "you are what you eat" so true	it is important to eat good food in order to be healthy and fit	44
8440720969	What is a cell	Basic building blocks of all living things	45
8440723437	What are the three parts of the cell theory	1.) All known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2.) All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division 3.) Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms	46
8440765993	What scientist first used the term cell and why	Robert Hooke saw a series of walled boxes that reminded him of the tiny rooms, or cellula, occupied by monks	47
8440785849	Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes: (composed of cells) contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus Prokaryotes: (composed of cells) do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle	48
8440817878	Where do prokaryotes keep their DNA? Eukaryotes?	Prokayotes: DNA floats inside the cell Eukaryotes: DNA is found in the nucleus	49
8440849954	Membrane-Bound Organelle	Organelles that are surrounded by a plasma membrane to keep their internal fluids separate from the cytoplasm of the rest of the cell (ex. lysosomes, golgi complex, and the mitochondria)	50
8440873368	Non Membrane-Bound Organelle	Organelles that aren't fluid filled and have a more solid structure (ex. ribosomes, the cell wall, and the cytoskeleton)	51
8440993182	Cytosol vs Cytoplasm	Cytosol: the part of the cytoplasm that is not held by any of the organelles in the cell Cytoplasm: the part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane.	52
8441044306	What organelles and parts are only found in animal cells? Plant cells?	Plant cells: cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole Animal cells: Lysosomes	53
8441084795	What are the functions of all the organelles in animal and plant cells?	1.) Cell wall: (plant, not animal) allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into and out of cell 2.) Cell membrane: (both plant/animal) controls movement of materials in/out of cell 3.) Nucleus: (both plant/animal) controls cell activities 4.) Nuclear membrane: (both plant/animal) surrounds nucleus 5.) Cytoplasm: (both plant/animal) clear, thick, jellylike material that supports and protects cell organelles 6.) Endoplasmic Reticulum: (both plant/animal) carries materials through cell 7.) Ribosome: (both plant/animal) produces proteins 8.) Mitochondrion: (both plant/animal) breaks down sugar molecules into energy 9.) Vacuole: (plant) fluid-filled sacs that store food, water, waste 10.) Lysosome: (Animal) breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules 11.) Chloroplast: (plant, not animal) uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant usually containing chlorophyll	54
8448747741	cancer	A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.	55
8448766788	Angiogenesis	The formation of new blood vessels.	56
8448772877	Chemotherapy	The use of medication to destroy cancer cells	57
8448777988	Thalidomide	A sedative that used to be prescribed to treat anxiety, tension, gastritis and insomnia	58
8448781185	Metastasis	The spread of a tumor or cancer to distant parts of the body from its original site	59
8451094291	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells	60
8451112950	Stages of Mitosis	1.) Prophase 2.) Metaphase 3.) Anaphase 4.) Telophase	61
8451127726	Prophase	(longest stage) The chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell	62
8451203964	Metaphase	The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere	63
8451208371	Anaphase	("Ana" meaning "back") The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart	64
8451253155	Telophase	The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear	65
8451273411	Cytokinesis	The cell membrane will pinch and divide the cytoplasm in half. The result is two individual cells that are identical to the original cell	66
8451279431	Meiosis	A specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them	67
8451327571	Stages of Meiosis	1.) Prophase I 2.) Metaphase I 3.) Anaphase I 4.) Telophase I 5.) Prophase II 6.) Metaphase II 7.) Anaphase II 8.) Telophase II	68
8451355661	Prophase I	Each chromosome comes near its replicated chromosome pair and crossing over occurs	69
8451359356	Metaphase I	The pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and the centromere of each chromatid pair attaches to one spindle fibre	70
8451359357	Anaphase I	Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell	71
8451364707	Telophase I	The cytoplasm divides and two new cells form and each new cell has one duplicated chromosome from each similar pair	72
8451368274	Prophase II	The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell	73
8451372009	Metaphase II	The duplicated chromosomes move to the centre of the cell and each centromere attaches to two spindle fibres instead of one	74
8451372010	Anaphase II	The chromatids seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell and each chromatid is now an individual chromosome	75
8451375244	Telophase II	The spindle fibres disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes	76