AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

6490684364	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
6490684365	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
6490684366	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
6490684367	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
6490684368	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
6490684369	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
6490684370	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
6490684371	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
6490684372	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
6490684373	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
6490684374	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
6490684375	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
6490684376	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
6490684377	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
6490684378	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
6490684379	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
6490684380	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	16
6490684381	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	17
6490684382	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	18
6490684383	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	19
6490684384	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	20
6490684385	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	21
6490684386	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	22
6490684387	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	23
6490684388	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	24
6490684389	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	25
6490684390	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	26
6490684391	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	27
6490684392	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	28
6490684393	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	29
6490684394	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	30
6490684395	allopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species	31
6490684396	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	32
6490684400	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	33
6490684401	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	34
6490684402	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	35
6490684404	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	36
6490684406	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	37
6490684407	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	38
6490684411	horizontal gene transfer	a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms	39
6490684412	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	40
9741152489	5 principals of hardy weinberg	large population, random mating, no immigration or emigration (gene flow), no mutation, no selection	41