AP Biology: Genetics Flashcards

9658526640	heredity	The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.	0
9658526641	trait	A genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color.	1
9658526642	pollination	Occurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma.	2
9658526643	self-pollination	Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the SAME plant.	3
9658526644	cross-pollination	Pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants.	4
9658526645	true-breeding	Pure for a trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate.	5
9658526646	P generation	The true breeding parent generation in Mendel's experiment.	6
9658526647	F1 generation	First filial generation; the offspring of the P generation by cross-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	7
9658526648	F2 generation	Second filial generation; the offspring of the F1 generation by self-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	8
9658526649	dominant	Masks the factor for another trait in a pair of traits; represented by capital letters	9
9658526650	recessive	The trait that sometimes has no observable effect on an organism's appearance (represented by lowercase letters)	10
9658526651	law of segregation	States that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.	11
9658526652	law of independent assortment	States that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.	12
9658526653	allele	Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene.	13
9658526654	genotype	An organism's genetic makeup (the alleles are represented by letters)	14
9658526655	phenotype	an organism's physical traits, represented by words/descriptions	15
9658526656	homozygous	When both alleles of a pair are alike (e.g. BB and bb)	16
9658526657	heterozygous	When the two alleles in a pair are different (e.g. Bb)	17
9658526658	probability	The likelihood that a specific event will occur.	18
9658526659	monohybrid cross	a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked (e.g. only look at eye color); the Punnet square is 2 x 2	19
9658526660	Punnett square	diagram used to aid biologists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring; the parent alleles go on the outside and offspring inside	20
9658526661	genotypic ratio	The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring.	21
9658526662	phenotypic ratio	The ratio of the offspring's phenotypes.	22
9658526663	testcross	A cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.	23
9658526664	simple dominance	A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other.	24
9658526665	incomplete dominance	neither allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g. when a red and white flower make a pink flower)	25
9658526666	codominance	When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring.	26
9658526667	dihybrid cross	A cross in which two characteristics are tracked (e.g. eye color and hair color); the Punnet square is 4 by 4	27
9658526668	Mendel	A monk who studied heredity in garden peas. He used statistics to discover dominant and recessive traits, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.	28
9658526669	multiple allele trait	trait controlled by one gene with more than two alleles	29
9658526674	sex-linked traits	passed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females	30
9658526677	pedigree	Chart showing one trait being carried over many generations	31
9658836464	Huntington's disease	Autosomal dominant- loss of muscle coordination and brain function	32
9658865034	Tay Sachs	Autosomal recessive- improperly folded enzyme doesn't break down fat in brain, loss of mental function and death	33
9658876373	Hemophilia	X-linked recessive: can't clot blood properly	34
9658878010	Red/green colorblindness	X-linked recessive: can't distinguish between red and green	35
9658894102	Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21	Chromosomal disorder- extra chromosome 21- mental retardation and distinctive facial features	36
9658910985	Klinefleter's syndrome	Chromosomal disorder- genetic male with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Feminized features, sterile.	37