AP HuG: Urbanization Flashcards

5918279493	Central Place Theory	-A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services -larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther	0
5918279500	Gravity Model	A model which holds that the POTENTIAL USE OF A SERVICE at a particular location is DIRECTLY related to the NUMBER OR PEOPLE in a location and INVERSELY related to the DISTANCE people must travel to reach the service	1
5918279501	Hinterland	-aka Market Area -the AREA SURROUNDING a CENTRAL PLACE from which PEOPLE ARE ATTRACTED to use the places goods and services	2
5918279503	Primate City Rule	A pattern of settlements in a country such that the LARGEST SETTLEMENT has MORE THAN TWICE as many PEOPLE as the SECOND RANKING SETTLEMENT	3
5918279505	Range (economic reach)	-Of a service -the MAXIMUM DISTANCE people are willing to travel to use a service	4
5918279506	Rank- size Rule	A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is the 1/n the population of the largest settlement	5
5918279507	Service	Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it	6
5918279509	Threshold	The MINIMUM NUMBER OF PEOPLE needed to SUPPORT a SERVICE	7
5918279510	Urbanization	An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements	8
5918279517	Blockbusting	rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging Ethnic minorities (African-American) to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting out migration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties.	9
5918279518	Central Business District (CBD)	the downtown hear of a central city, marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings; the central nucleus of commercial land use in a city.	10
5918279520	Centrality	the strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract producers and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region; the functional dominance of cities within an urban system.	11
5918279521	Central City	the urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by the suburbs.	12
5918279522	Christaller, Walter	German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range	13
5918279523	City	a multifunctional nucleated settlement with a central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses.	14
5918279525	Colonial city	a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by Western colonialism.	15
5918279527	Commuter zone	the outer most zone of the Concentric zone model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute into the CBD to work.	16
5918279528	Concentric zone model	a model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinct type of land use.	17
5918279529	Counterurbanization	the net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas.	18
5918279534	Edge city	distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections.	19
5918279537	Ethnic neighborhood	neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.	20
5918279538	Favela	the Brazilian equivalent of a shanty town, which are generally found on the edge of the city. They have electricity, but often not formally. They are constructed from a variety of materials, ranging from bricks to garbage. The most infamous ones are located in Rio de Janeiro.	21
5918279541	Gateway city	a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation.	22
5918279543	Gentrification	the invasion of older, centrally located working-class neighborhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences; a process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominately low-income renter-occupied area to a predominately middle-class owner-occupied area.	23
5918279550	Infrastructure	The underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity (roads, bridges, electrical lines).	24
5918279553	Megacities	a very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy.	25
5918279554	Megalopolis	a large, sprawled urban complex with contained open, non-urban land, created through the spread and joining of separate metropolitan areas (ie. BOSNYWASH)	26
5918279555	Metropolitan area	In the United States, a large functionally integrated settlement area comprising one or more whole county units and usually containing several urbanized areas: discontinuously built up, it operates as a coherent economic whole.	27
5918279556	Multiple nuclei model	the postulate that large cities develop by peripheral spread not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use. the separately expanding use districts eventually coalesce at their margins.	28
5918279561	Postindustrial (city)	a stage of economic development in which service activities become relatively more important than goods production; professional and technical employment supersedes employment in agriculture and manufacturing; and level of living is defined by the quality of services and amenities rather than by the quantity of goods available.	29
5918279563	Primate city	a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country's largest city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well.	30
5918279565	Rank-size rule	in a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.	31
5918279566	Redlining	a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be a high risk for housing loans.	32
5918279568	Sector model	a description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward form the CBD along transportation corridors; the radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high-status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges.	33
5918279572	Shantytown	unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.	34
5918279574	Site	refers to the absolute location of a city - the physical features of the area.	35
5918279575	Situation	refers to the characteristics due to the relative location of an area.	36
5918279577	"Social Stratification"	refers to the idea that society is separated into different strata, according to social distinctions such as a race, class and gender. Social treatment of persons within various social structures can be understood as related to their placement within the various social strata.	37
5918279579	Suburb	a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city; many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls. Most pronounced in the U.S.	38
5918279581	Suburbanization	movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions. In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.	39
5918279587	Urban hierarchy	a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function, e.g., hamlet - village - town - city - metropolis.	40
5918279588	Urban morphology	the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings.	41
5918279590	Urban sprawl	unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.	42
5918279591	World city	one of the largest cities in the world, generally with a population of over 10 million. List all the cities in the world with a population of over 10 million.	43
5918279592	Zone	area of a city with a relatively uniform land use, e.g., an industrial area or residential area.	44
5918279593	Zone of transition	an area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD.	45
5918279594	Zoning laws	legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of buildings and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.	46
6165234596	Hamlet	On the urban hierarchy, it is a small collection of houses - may have basic services like a gas station or general store	47
6165235554	High order goods	goods and services that are required less frequently and require a large market area to remain profitable	48
6165236483	Low order goods	gods and services that are obtained on a regular basis and require a small market area to be profitable	49
6165241507	Borchert	created a 5 stage model of epochs on the evolution of transportation.	50