AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards
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| 8537639123 | Transcription | Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language. | 0 | |
| 8537639124 | RNA Structure | • Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded. | 1 | |
| 8537639125 | Types of RNA | • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • siRNA | 2 | |
| 8537639126 | Template Strand | Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA. | 3 | |
| 8537639127 | Coding Strand | Untranscribed DNA strand; same sequence as RNA. | 4 | |
| 8537639128 | Transcription Bubble | Where DNA unzips for transcription to begin. | 5 | |
| 8537639129 | RNA Polymerase I | Only transcribes rRNA genes; makes ribosomes. | 6 | |
| 8537639130 | RNA Polymerase II | Transcribes genes into mRNA. | 7 | |
| 8537639131 | RNA Polymerase III | Only transcribes tRNA genes. | 8 | |
| 8537639132 | Promoter Region | Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors. | 9 | |
| 8537639133 | TATA Box Binding Site | A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. | 10 | |
| 8537639134 | Enhancer Region | Binding site far upstream of gene. Turns transcription on HIGH. | 11 | |
| 8537639135 | Initiation Complex | Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA. | 12 | |
| 8537639136 | Exons | The real gene; expressed/coding DNA. | 13 | |
| 8537639137 | Introns | The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence. | 14 | |
| 8537639138 | mRNA Splicing | Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns. | 15 | |
| 8537639139 | Pre-mRNA | Primary transcript of the process. | 16 | |
| 8537639140 | Mature mRNA | The final product of mRNA splicing. | 17 | |
| 8537639141 | snRNPs | Small nuclear RNA; proteins. Responsible for splicing RNA. | 18 | |
| 8537639142 | Spliceosome | Several snRNPs. Recognize splice site sequence. "Cut and paste" gene. | 19 | |
| 8537639143 | Alternative Splicing | Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons. | 20 | |
| 8537639144 | Post-Transcriptional Processing | Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA. | 21 | |
| 8537639145 | mRNA Caps | 5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein. |  | 22 |
| 8537639146 | Reading Frame | Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. If a single base is added or lost, it throws off the entire reading frame. | 23 | |
| 8537639147 | Translation | From nucleic acid language to amino acid language. | 24 | |
| 8537639148 | Codon | A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. | 25 | |
| 8537639149 | Start Codons | AUG and Methionine. | 26 | |
| 8537639150 | Stop Codons | UGA, UAA, and UAG. | 27 | |
| 8537639151 | Anti-Codon | Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon. | 28 | |
| 8537639152 | tRNA | Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid. | 29 | |
| 8537639153 | Ribosomes | Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid. | 30 | |
| 8537639154 | Structure of Ribosomes | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits. | 31 | |
| 8537639155 | A Site | Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain. | 32 | |
| 8537639156 | P Site | Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain. | 33 | |
| 8537639157 | E Site | Exit site. Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit side. | 34 | |
| 8537639158 | Initiation | Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA. | 35 | |
| 8537639159 | Elongation | Adding amino acids based on codon sequence. | 36 | |
| 8537639160 | Termination | End codon. | 37 | |
| 8537639161 | Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes | Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed. | 38 |