AP Bio - Cellular Communication Flashcards

5893397075	Local Signals	Cells communicating by direct contact	0
5893397076	Local Regulators	Messenger molecules that travel short distances	1
5893397077	Paracrine Signaling	Local regulator released directly onto one cell by another	2
5893397078	Synaptic Signaling	A nerve signal triggers the release of a local regulator onto a nearby cell	3
5893397079	Hormones	Chemical messengers that travel a long distance	4
5893397080	Signal Transduction Pathway	Set of a step that triggers after a signal is received, it activates a certain response from a cell.	5
5893397081	Reception	Delivery of a signal to a cell	6
5893397082	Ligands	Signal Molecules, hormones.	7
5893397083	G protein-coupled-receptor	Membrane receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand is present.	8
5893397084	G Protein	When activated, uses energy from GDP becoming GTP to turn on an enzyme.	9
5893397085	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase	Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines	10
5893397086	Dimer	When a ligand is present the two kinases form this, then trigger multiple transduction pathways.	11
5893397087	Ligand-gated Ion Channel	Receptor opens like a gate when a ligand is present to allow ions in	12
5893397090	Protein Kinases	transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (phosphorylation)	13
5893397092	Second Messengers	Small molecules that diffuse throughout the cell to carry the signal during transduction.	14
5893397093	Apoptosis	Controlled cellular death	15
5893397094	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia	16
5893397095	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens	17
5893397096	Inflammatory Response	nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain	18
5893397097	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	19
5893397098	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	20
5893397099	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	21
5893397101	Adaptive immunity	(specific immunity) aquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products. Requires exposure of the immune system to the pathogen	22
5893397102	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	23
5893397103	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by Helper T cells or free antigens	24
5893397104	T Cells	Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.	25
5893397105	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	26
5893397106	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	27
5893397107	Macrophages	Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader	28
5893397110	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	29
5893397111	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	30
5893397112	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	31
5893397113	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	32
5893397115	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself and attacks its own body cells	33
5893397117	Endocrine System	Releases hormones, chemicals released by ductless glands into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body	34
5893397118	Tropic hormones	Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones	35
5893397119	Pheromones	Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals	36
5893397132	Positive Feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.	37
5893397133	Negative Feedback	Metabolic pathway that helps maintain homeostasis	38
5893593317	cAMP molecule	(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate) a second messenger important for intracellular signal transduction	39