AP Biology: Organic Molecules Flashcards

This vocabulary set includes classes of organic molecules as well as examples of each

5958295722	Macromolecules	Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being carbohydrates, lipids, prteins, and nucleic acids	0
5958295723	Polymer	Chainlike molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	1
5958295724	Monomer	The building blocks of polymers polymers: connected by covalent bonds.	2
5958295725	Dehydration Synthesis	Removing water to create a bond.	3
5958295726	Hydrolysis	Adding water to break a bond	4
5958295727	Carbohydrates	A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen.	5
5958295728	Monosaccharides	Simple sugars with 1 ring: Provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of carbons	6
5958295729	Disaccharides	Double sugars with 2 rings	7
5958295730	Polysaccharides	Polymers, with many rings, joined by glucosidic linkages. Acts as an energy storage macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms	8
5958295731	Maltose	A disaccharide formed by joining the two glucose molecules: found in malt sugar	9
5958295732	Sucrose	A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and fructose, major form of sugars in plants: found in table sugar	10
5958295733	Lactose	A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. People who lack the enzyme to digest this sugar are "intolerant"	11
5958295734	Glycosidic Linkages	"oxygen bridge" that bonds two monosaccharides	12
5958295735	Starch	storage polymer of glucose in PLANTS, uses alpha linkages	13
5958295736	Cellulose	Made up cell walls of plants, using beta linkages	14
5958295737	Glycogen	Branched polysaccharide of glucose, used for storage in animals	15
5958295738	Chitin	Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.	16
5958295739	Lipids	nonpolar class of molecules. Have C, H and O, but not in a 2:1 ratio.	17
5958295740	Triacylglycerols	(Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3 water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital organs, and insulation.	18
5958295741	Glycerol	3-C alcohol that is building block of triglycerides	19
5958295742	Fatty Acid	Carboxyl group attached to long hydrocarbon chain.	20
5958295743	Ester Linkage	Joins 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol	21
5958295744	Saturated fatty acids	Fatty acids with single bonds, hydrogen at every possible position, a straight shape, from an animal source. Solid at room temperature.	22
5958295745	Unsaturated fatty acids	Fatty acids with double and single bonds, without hydrogens at every possible position, a kinked/bent shape, from a plant source. Liquid at room temperature.	23
5958295746	Phospholipid	2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate group in the 3rd position. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds	24
5958295747	Steroid	A type of lipid: A carbon skeleton with 4 fused carbon rings, which are closely interlocked. ex., cholesterol	25
5958295748	Proteins	Polymer of one or more chains of amino acids with diverse	26
5958295749	Antibodies	Bind to particular foreign substances that fit their binding sites	27
5958295750	Neurotransmitters	Pass signals from one cell to another by binding to receptror sites on proteins in the membrane of the recieving cell	28
5958295751	Enzymes	Recognize and bind to specific substrates, facilitating a chemical reaction	29
5958295752	Primary Structure	The unique sequence of amino acids, determined by DNA. Changing this affects a protein's conformation and ability to function.	30
5958295753	Secondary Structure	Results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals doing the polypeptide backbone, typically developed as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet.	31
5958295754	Tertiary Structure	The protein has folded up upon itself, held together by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waals reactions, or disulfide bridges	32
5958295755	Quarternary structure	Union of 2+ polypeptide subunits	33
5958295756	Enzymes	Speeds up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier to perform these reactions.	34
5958295757	Substrate	A reactant that binds to an enzyme	35
5958295758	Active Site	A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals.	36
5958295759	Lock and Key Hypothesis	Substrates fit into enzymes like a key fits into a lock	37
5958295760	Induced Fit Hypothesis	As the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape leading to a tighter induced fit, bringing chemical groups into position to catalyze the reaction.	38
5958295761	Cofactors	Non-protein factors, helping the enzyme fit substrates. ex: zinc, iron, copper	39
5958295762	Competitive Inhibitors	Blocks the active site from having a substrate meet. Acts as a feedback mechanism	40
5958295763	Noncompetitive inhibitors	Blocks the substrates at a place away from the active site.	41
5958295764	Allosteric Enzymes	Enzymes that can change their shape: one shape is active (reaction occurs) and one is inactive (reaction doesn't occur)	42
5958295765	Nucleic Acids	An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. The three types are DNA, RNA and ATP	43
5958295766	Ribonucleic acid (RNA)	Many types of instructional nucleic acid, which is directed by DNA and contributes to protein production	44
5958295767	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	Provides the genetic coding for organisms and directs RNA synthesis: synthesized through dehydration synthesis, connecting the sugar of one nucleotide to another with a strong phosphodiester.	45
5958295768	Nucleotide	The building blocks of nucleic acids	46
5958295769	Pentose sugar	Deoxyribose and ribose; a building block of nucleic acids	47
5958295770	Phosphate	Makes DNA and RNA charged; a building block of nucleic acids	48
5958295771	Nitrogen base	Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (RNA); building blocks of DNA. A+T are always together, and G+C are always together based on their properties. U is only found in RNA.	49
5958295772	Purines	Adenosine, Guanine; have a double ring, where 1 6-membered ring joined to 1 5-membered ring	50
5958295773	Pyrimidines	Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil; 1 6-membered ring	51
5958295774	Phosphodiester Link	The bond between a sugar and a phosphate.	52
5958295775	glucose	A sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells, monosaccharide example	53
5958295776	fructose	Sugar that is naturally found in fruit and honey. It's also added to sweeten drinks, monosaccharide example	54
5958295777	ribose	A five-carbon sugar present in RNA	55
5958295778	deoxyribose	A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides	56
5958295779	functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	57
5958295780	hydroxyl group	A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	58
5958295781	carbonyl	C=O carbon double bonded to an oxygen	59
5958295782	carboxyl	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.	60
5958295783	amino	functional group containing Nitrogen and two hydrogens	61
5958295784	phosphate group	A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms	62
5958295785	sulfhydryl	A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).	63