AP Biology Cell Organelles Flashcards

5997434536	Nuclear Envelope	-surrounds genetic material -separates nucleus from the cytoplasm -double lipid bilayer regulates what goes into the cell -present in both animal and plant cells	0
5997434537	Golgi Apparatus	-packaging organelle -located in the cytoplasm -takes in small molecules and forms more complex molecules -can either store the more complex molecules or release them -has two layers that surround an area of fluid that contains proteins, enzymes, and sugars -present in both animal and plant cells	1
5997434538	Endoplasmic Reticulum	-network of membranous sacs and tubes -surrounds the nucleus in the cytoplasm -active in membrane synthesis and metabolic processes -has rough and smooth regions -has double membrane called cisternae where proteins are collected and synthesized -present in both animal and plant cells	2
5997434539	Mitochondria	-cellular respiration -ATP is generated -double membrane increases surface area within the organelle to allow more chemical reactions to occur -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells	3
5997434540	Chloroplast	-produce food for plant cells -convert light energy from the sun into sugars -double membrane surrounds and protects inner chloroplasts -located in cytoplasm -only present in plant cells	4
5997434541	Ribosome	-makes proteins -located in cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum -present in both animal and plant cells	5
5997434542	Lysosome	-hold enzymes -digest food and break down dead cells -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells	6
5997434543	Vacuole	-storage -located in cytoplasm -present in both animal and plant cells	7
5997434544	Cytoskeleton	-reinforces cell's shape -functions in cell movement -made of proteins -proteins attach to them for stability -located on the outside of the cell -present in both animal and plant cells	8
5997434545	Cell Wall	-outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage -semi permeable -located on the outside of the cell membrane -only present in plant cells	9
5997434546	Prokaryotic Cells	-no nucleus -circular DNA located in cytoplasm -single celled -no organelles -bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria -more basic -have cell membranes -have ribosomes	10
5997434547	Eukaryotic Cells	-have nucleus -have linear DNA located in nucleus -have organelles -cells animals have -multicellular -more complex -cell membranes -ribosomes	11
5997434548	Endosymbiotic Theory	-describes how a large host cell and bacteria become dependent on each other for survival and form a permanent relationship -explains the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts -mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to bacteria cells: have their own DNA and use it to produce proteins and enzymes, both have double membranes that suggest that it was ingested by a host, and they reproduce similarly to bacteria by replicating their DNA	12
5997434549	Cell Membrane	-separates cell from aqueous environment and controls traffic in and out of the cell -collage of proteins and other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer	13
5997434550	Membrane Proteins	-determine membrane's specific functions -has polar and nonpolar regions -peripheral proteins: cell surface identity marker -integral proteins: transport proteins -glycoprotein: receptor or identifier	14
5997434551	Membrane Phospholipids	-make up most of the membrane -have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails	15
5997434552	Membrane Carbohydrates	cell to cell recognition	16
5997434553	Membrane Cholesterol	-reduces fluidity at moderate temperatures -hinders solidification at low temperatures	17
5997434554	Passive Transport	-transport through the semipermeable membrane -high to low concentration -no energy required -transport of small nonpolar molecules directly through membrane	18
5997434555	Simple Diffusion	-movement from high to low concentration -passive transport -no energy needed -Example: osmosis	19
5997434556	Facilitated Diffusion	-requires protein channels -protein assists in larger and polar molecules to cross membrane -specific molecules can move across the cell membrane -no energy needed -passive transport	20
5997434557	Active Transport	-movement from low to high concentration -requires energy -Examples: proton pumps, sucrose co-transport, sodium potassium pump, bulk transport	21
5997434558	Bulk Transport	-moving large molecules into and out of cell -active transport -vesicles and vacuoles -endocytosis and exocytosis	22
5997434561	Enzymes	-reduce activation energy -very specific -catalyze reactions -help best align substrates -end in -ase -remains unchanged and can be used over and over	23
5997434564	Induced Fit Theory	enzyme adjusts to fit the substrates and goes back to its original form after the reaction	24
5997434565	Factors that Affect Enzymes	-cofactors and coenzymes: assist the enzyme -temperature: enzymes have an optimal temperature where they have the highest productivity -enzyme concentration: as enzyme increases, the reaction rate increases as long as substrate is available -substrate concentration: as substrate increases, reaction rate increases as long as enzyme is available -pH: enzymes have an optimal pH where they have the highest productivity -salinity: enzymes have an optimal salt level where they have the highest productivity -inhibitors: molecules that reduce enzyme activity	25
5997434570	Describe the fluidity of the components of a cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and membrane composition.	-membranes must be fluid to work properly -saturated fats make it stiff because they are solid at room temperature -unsaturated fats help it bend, allowing the cell to work better since the fats are liquid at room temperature -the cell membrane remains fluid as temperature increases and becomes solid as temperature decreases	26
5997434571	Define diffusion. Explain why diffusion is a passive and spontaneous process.	-diffusion is the movement of a substance across a concentration gradient due to random motion -it is spontaneous because one solute is unaffected by the concentration gradient of other solutes -it is passive because the cell does not expend energy when substances diffuse down their concentration gradient	27
5997434572	Distinguish between exocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.	-exocytosis: secretion of molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane -endocytosis: taking in of molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane -receptor mediated endocytosis: taking in of cholesterol for synthesis of membranes	28
5997434573	Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.	-act as catalysts that speed up reactions -act as proteins that regulate metabolism	29
5997434575	Agar Lab	-purpose: investigate cell size and how it is controlled by diffusion -as cell size increases, surface area and volume increase but the ratio between surface area and volume decreases -organisms develop more cells rather than larger cells in order to diffuse faster -the growth of a cell slows down as it gets bigger because it takes longer for nutrients and water to reach the center of the cell -the smaller the cell, the faster the nutrients can get to the center of the cell	30
5997434579	Predict the effect that lowering the temperature would have on enzyme activity.	-lowering the temperature on the experiment would cause the rate of reaction to decrease because the system will no longer be in the optimal temperature -at higher temperatures, there are more molecular collisions and therefore more enzymatic reactions -decreasing the temperature will decrease the number of molecular collisions and therefore there will be fewer enzymatic reactions	31