AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

6623296574	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
6623296575	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
6623296576	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
6623296577	Hardy-Weinberg	p2+2pq+q2=1, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
6623296578	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles in a population	4
6623296579	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
6623296580	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
6623296581	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
6623296582	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
6623296583	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
6623296584	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
6623296585	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
6623296586	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
6623296587	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
6623296588	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
6623296589	sexual dimorphism	differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
6623296590	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	16
6623296591	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	17
6623296593	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	18
6623296596	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	19
6623296597	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	20
6623296598	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	21
6623296599	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	22
6623296600	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	23
6623296601	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	24
6623296602	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	25
6623296606	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	26
6623296609	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	27
6623296610	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	28
6623296612	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	29
6623296614	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	30
6623296616	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	31
6623296618	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	32
6623296619	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	33
6623296622	Darwin's Theory	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	34