AP Unit 3 Terms Flashcards

5298788304	natural philosophy	The study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned.	0
5298799232	Copernican hypothesis	The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.	1
5298803647	experimental method	The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments, rather than speculation.	2
5298810701	law of inertia	A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object.	3
5298816638	law of universal gravitation	Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another	4
5298820228	empiricism	A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation.	5
5298824807	Cartesian dualism	Descartes' view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.	6
5298829482	Enlightenment	The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.	7
5298836412	rationalism	A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.	8
5298854320	philosophes	A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.	9
5298860028	reading revolution	The transition in European society from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.	10
5298867535	salon	Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.	11
5298873848	rococo	A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers.	12
5299135193	public sphere	An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues.	13
5299152828	enlightened absolutism	Describes the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.	14
5299170406	Haskalah	The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by Moses Mendelssohn.	15
5299193224	enclosure	The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.	16
5299213028	proletarianization	The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.	17
5299223924	cottage industry	A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.	18
5299237078	putting-out system	18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.	19
5299913523	industrious revolution	The shift that occurred as families in NW Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption	20
5299917056	guild system	The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.	21
5299924308	economic liberalism	A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.	22
5299930344	Navigation Acts	A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.	23
5299931515	debt peonage	A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and money.	24
5299937636	Atlantic slave trade	The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries.	25
5299942564	community controls	A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the community.	26
5299945748	charivari	Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards.	27
5299947416	illegitimacy explosion	The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750-1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.	28
5299951019	wet-nursing	A widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century in which women were paid to breastfeed other women's babies.	29
5299954081	blood sports	Events like bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and were popular with the masses.	30
5299957525	carnival	The few days of celebration in Catholic countries leading up to Lent that include drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order.	31
5299961289	just price	The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.	32
5299964024	consumer revolution	The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of NW Europe in the second half of the 18th century.	33
5299967249	Pietism	A Protestant revival movement in 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.	34
5299973607	Methodists	Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.	35
5299979094	Jansenism	A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination.	36